Universal Design for Learning Resources Research Paper

General Design for Learning Resources - Research Paper Example  Moreover, they help understudies in mapping out ideas outwardly. They are visual guides for guidance and learning. The realistic coordinators help understudies to effectively participate in their learning procedure. They assist understudies with discovering new data and make connects that they didn't have the foggiest idea or consider already. Then again, realistic coordinators grant understudies to outwardly compose thoughts, ideas, considerations, emotions, and information. Choosing the appropriate realistic coordinator depends on the sort of components that require arranging and breaking down. In the wake of finishing the association procedure, appreciating multifaceted dynamic, thoughts and taking care of issue turns out to be less troublesome. Realistic coordinators can be acquired through web based shopping at books store. An individual needs to have an extraordinary choice of the accessible realistic coordinators at the book shop to make sure about them. A case of realistic coordinators incorporates K-W-L graph that is separated into three sections to be specific K, W and L. The K-W-L diagram is used to list what the understudies beforehand perceive, what they want to be familiar with and what they realized at the finish of the unit. It enacts the understudies' past information and makes them think regarding the matter and what they might want to know. It grants understudies to facilitate the data they are learning and make them included and ingested in the unit. Further, it assists understudies with sorting out their sentiments and learning and helps instructors to give guidance during the unit. Â

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 39 Free Essays

string(54) me extremely tragic in light of the fact that Danny was an old buddy to me. An Episode Seems Inevitable I ascend before first light on Christmas morning and start my weight-lifting schedule. I am apprehensive about being brought together with Nikki today, so I twofold time my activities with an end goal to work off my tension. I understand the note Tiffany gave me the previous evening recommends that Nikki probably won't be keen on meeting me at that unique spot once nightfall moves around, yet I likewise realize that in the motion pictures, exactly when the fundamental character is going to quit any trace of, something amazing occurs, which prompts the cheerful closure. We will compose a custom paper test on The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 39 or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now I’m almost certain this is the piece of my film when something astounding will occur, so I am confiding in God, who I know won't let me down. On the off chance that I have confidence, on the off chance that I go to that exceptional spot, something lovely will happen when the sun sets †I can feel it. At the point when I hear Christmas music, I quit lifting and go upstairs. My mom is cooking eggs and bacon. Espresso is preparing. â€Å"Merry Christmas,† Mom says, and gives me a little kiss on the cheek. â€Å"Don’t overlook your pills.† I take the orange containers from the bureau and curve off the covers. As I swallow my last pill, my dad comes into the kitchen and tosses the newspaper’s plastic spread into the waste pail. At the point when he stops people in their tracks for the family room, my mom says, â€Å"Merry Christmas, Patrick.† â€Å"Merry Christmas,† Dad mutters. We eat eggs and bacon and toast all together, however nobody says a lot. In the lounge room we lounge around the tree. Mother opens her present from Dad. It’s a precious stone accessory from some retail establishment †minuscule jewels looking like a heart on a slender gold chain. I know beyond a shadow of a doubt that Mom has a comparative accessory, since she wears it consistently. My dad most likely gave her something very similar a year ago, yet Mom acts truly amazed and says, â€Å"Patrick, you shouldn’t have,† before she kisses my dad on the lips and afterward embraces him. Despite the fact that Dad doesn’t embrace Mom back, I can tell he is upbeat, since he kind of smiles. Next, we give Dad his present, which is from both Mom and me. He removes the wrapping paper and holds up a credible Eagles pullover, not one with iron-on decals. â€Å"Why doesn’t it have any numbers or a name on it?† he inquires. â€Å"Since McNabb went down, we thought you’d need to pick another most loved player,† Mom says. â€Å"So when you do, we’ll have the right number and name sewn onto the jersey.† â€Å"Don’t squander your money,† Dad says, returning the pullover to the crate. â€Å"They won’t win today without McNabb. They’re not going to make the end of the season games. I’m done watching that lousy reason for a football team.† Mother grins at me since I revealed to her that Dad would state so a lot, despite the fact that the Eagles have been playing really well. In any case, Mom and I both realize Dad will watch the Eagles play the Cowboys later today and will pick another most loved player late the following summer †in the wake of watching a couple of preseason games †at which time he will say something like, â€Å"Jeanie, where’s my bona fide Eagles pullover? I need to get those numbers sewn on before the season starts.† Two or three dozen presents are for me, all of which Mom purchased and wrapped. I get another Eagles sweatshirt, new running shoes, exercise garments, dress garments, a couple of ties, a fresh out of the plastic new calfskin coat, and an exceptional running watch that will assist me with timing my runs and will even compute the calories I consume while running. What's more, †â€Å"Jesus Christ, Jeanie. What number of presents did you purchase the kid?† Dad says, however such that tells us he isn't generally such frantic. After we have lunch, I shower and put on underarm antiperspirant, a portion of my father’s cologne, and one of my new running outfits. â€Å"I’m going to give a shot my new watch,† I tell Mom. â€Å"Caitlin and your sibling will be here in an hour,† Mom says. â€Å"So don’t be too long.† â€Å"I won’t,† I state not long before I leave the house. In the carport, I change into the dress garments I stowed away there before in the week †tweed pants, a dark conservative shirt, cowhide loafers, and the costly jacket my dad does not wear anymore. Next, I stroll to the Collingswood PATCO stop and catch the 1:45 train to Philadelphia. It starts to rain delicately. I get off at Eighth and Market, stroll through the shower to City Hall, and catch an Orange Line train traveled north. Very few individuals are on the train, and underground it doesn't feel like Christmas by any means. In any case, the refuse smelling steam that drifts in at each stop when the entryways open, the marker spray painting on the orange seat opposite me, the half-eaten cheeseburger lying bunless in the path †none of it cuts me down, in light of the fact that I am going to be brought together with Nikki. Separated time is at last going to end. I get off at Broad and Olney and climb the means up into North Philly, where it is coming down somewhat harder. Despite the fact that I was robbed twice close to this metro stop when I was an understudy, I don't stress, generally on the grounds that it’s Christmas and I am significantly more grounded than I used to be the point at which I was an undergrad. On Broad Street I see a couple of dark individuals, which makes me consider Danny and how he generally used to discuss going to live with his auntie in North Philly right when he escaped the awful spot †particularly at whatever point I referenced my moving on from La Salle University, which is evidently near where Danny’s auntie lives. I wonder if Danny ever constructed it out of the terrible spot, and the idea of him having Christmas in a psychological foundation makes me extremely tragic in light of the fact that Danny was an old buddy to me. You read The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 39 in classification Pap er models I stick my hands into my dad’s jacket pockets as I stroll down Olney. With the downpour, it is kind of cold. Before long I am seeing the blue-and-yellow banners that line the grounds roads, and it causes me to feel upbeat and pitiful simultaneously to be back at La Salle †practically like seeing old pictures of individuals who have either passed on or with whom you have lost contact. At the point when I get to the library, I turn left and stroll past the tennis courts, where I make a privilege and walk around the security building. Past the tennis courts is a separated slope, with such huge numbers of trees you’d never trust it was in North Philly on the off chance that somebody had driven you here blindfolded and, at that point expelled the blindfold and asked, â€Å"Where do you think you are?† At the base of the slope is a Japanese teahouse, which is as pleasant for what it's worth strange in North Philly, despite the fact that I have never been inside to have tea †in light of the fact that it is a private teahouse †so perhaps within has a city feel to it; I don’t know. Nikki and I used to meet on this slope, behind an old oak tree, and sit on the grass for a considerable length of time. Shockingly, relatively few understudies hung out in this spot. Possibly they didn't have any acquaintance with it was there. Perhaps nobody else thought it was a pleasant spot. Be that as it may, Nikki cherished sitting on the lush slope and looking down at the Japanese teahouse, feeling as if she were elsewhere on the planet †some place other than North Philadelphia. Furthermore, on the off chance that it weren’t for the intermittent vehicle horn or shot out there, I would have trusted I was in Japan when I was perched on that slope, despite the fact that I ha ve never been to Japan and don’t truly realize what being in that specific nation resembles. I plunk down under a colossal tree †on a dry spot of grass †and pause. Downpour mists gulped the sun quite a while back, however when I check the time, the numbers authoritatively make it sunset. My chest begins to feel tight; I notice that I am shaking and breathing intensely. I hold my hand out to perceive how terrible the shakes are, and my hand is fluttering like the wing of a fowl, or possibly maybe I am hot and attempting to fan myself with my fingers. I attempt to make it stop, and when I can’t, I push two hands into my father’s jacket pockets, trusting Nikki won't notice my anxiety when she appears. It becomes darker, and afterward considerably darker. At long last, I close my eyes, and after a period, I start to supplicate: Dear God: If I accomplished something incorrectly, if you don't mind let me comprehend what it was so I can offer some kind of reparation. As I search my memory, I can’t consider whatever would make You frantic, aside from my punching the Giants fan a couple of months prior, however I previously requested pardoning in regards to that slip, and I thought we had proceeded onward. It would be ideal if you make Nikki appear. At the point when I open my eyes, it would be ideal if you let her be there. Possibly there was traffic, or she overlooked how to get to La Salle? She generally used to become mixed up in the city. I’m alright with her not showing up precisely at nightfall, however please let her realize that I am still here pausing and will stand by the entire night on the off chance that I need to. If it's not too much trouble God. I’ll do anything. In the event that You make her show up when I open †I smell a woman’s fragrance. I perceive the aroma. I take in profoundly to prepared myself. I open my eyes. â€Å"I’m screwing sorry, okay?† she says, however it’s not Nikki. â€Å"I never figured it would prompt this. So I’m simply going to be straightforward at this point. My specialist thought you were stuck in a consistent condition of forswearing since you were never managed conclusion, and I figured I may bear the cost of you conclusion by professing to be Nikki. So I made up the entire contact thing with an end goal to give you conclusion, trusting you would wake up from your funk and would have the option to proceed onward with your life once you comprehended that being brought together with your ex was an inconceivability. I composed all the letters myself. Alright? I never at any point reached Nikki

Atlantic Revolution

Patriotism and transformation frequently go connected at the hip. However, while patriotism may prompt transformation, and maybe national freedom, it is a lot more extensive than unrest, and one ought not be mistaken for the other. â€Å"All patriots accept that countries can be recognized by specific qualities that every one of its residents hold in like manner. These attributes incorporate the etymological, ethnic, strict, or verifiable conventions that make a country unmistakable. All nationalists†¦are connected across time by [a common] language, artistic convention, and history† (Gelvin 2011). Atlantic Revolution What the American Revolution shared for all intents and purpose with the Atlantic Revolution is that it wasn’t one single occasion or struggle that lead to uprisings all over. They were interconnected sharing normal political jargon and solid just character† Where the American Revolution tried to make another republic the Atlantic republics wished to reproduce another general public without any preparation. The American Revolution began a Trans-Atlantic Age unrest. Revelation of the New World everything started with the disclosure of the New World by Columbus is 1492, which occurred in the interest of Castile which was the Spanish crown. Before this disclosure Europe had changed from the Feudalist framework to the Capitalist framework. Patriotism in Europe energized the longing to control settlements in Asia and Africa. Finding another course to the orient was the objective, when the Americas were found. The â€Å"Atlantic revolution,† was the redirection of exchange courses achieved by the extraordinary geographic revelations. The Atlantic unrest, be that as it may, didn't so much supplant the old lines of medieval business as expand upon them† (Britannica). The European dealer private enterprise shaped a structure that turned into a joint endeavor for Europe, Americas and Africa. One that was established upon forced work in which all added to the immense entangled system known as the Atlantic economy. â€Å"While not equivalent in power, every wa basic in the commitment to the development of the Atlantic world†(Benjamin 2011). Atlantic World By 1607 the main English settlement in America was set in Jamestown Virginia. Just Seven out of Ten pilgrims stayed in the New World, because of starvation, brutal everyday environments and wars with the Natives. The locals who had exchanged nourishment for death were battling two foes malady and setters. Illnesses, for example, intestinal sickness, little pox, red fever and flu cleared the Natives out. Making a lack of work in the formation of the New World. At the point when Columbus originally showed up, he brought Horses. These ponies were exchanged to Native Americans which helped change the essence of chasing until the end of time. This permitted the Natives to move from chasing parties requiring a few men that kept going days to one tracker riding a horse. The New World gave the Old World tobacco, cocoa, beans, tomatoes, corn and potatoes. Both Corn and potatoes turned into the nourishment of the poor after Europe came out of the scourge known as Black Death. Albeit no remedy for the incalculable ailments on the two sides of the New and Old Worlds. The retreat of the plague left Europeans with just war, hunger and a pile of different contaminations to manage. † Economy The Columbian Exchange brought the Europeans riches and influence. The joined creature and plant items from the Indies surpassed gold and silver in esteem. While it brought the local Americas an inconsistent trade of nourishment for illnesses that made whole Indian societies evaporate. The Columbian Exchange carried the Africans to different nations; found by the Portuguese scanning for gold, later grabbed later to be traded and sold into servitude to fulfill Europeans voracious preference for products. While the Columbian trade had extraordinary positive and awful consummation negative consequences for four mainlands and three parts of mankind. Environment became predetermination figuring out who might flourish and who might kick the bucket. Tobacco John Rolfe was a business visionary, who challenged to sail to the Americas. He arrived in Chesapeake Bay, with a fantasy and some tobacco seeds. He planted them and a yield developed that was worth One Million United States cash of today. August 1619 the main lasting African automatic works showed up to think about the tobacco crops. Servitude didn't exist as of right now, Later another Thousand pioneers showed up with Twenty African contracted hirelings. â€Å"The dark contractually bound slave, with his desire for opportunity, was progressively being supplanted by the dark slave. â€Å" In 1705, the Virginia General Assembly evacuated any waiting vulnerability about this horrendous change; it made a presentation that would seal the destiny of African Americans for ages to come†¦ â€Å"All workers imported and brought into the Country†¦ who were not Christians in their local Country†¦ lobby be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves inside this dominion†¦ will be held to be land. In the event that any slave oppose his master†¦ amending such slave, and will happen to be executed in such correction†¦ the ace will be liberated from all punishment†¦ as though such mishap never occurred. † (PBS) â€Å"The Body of Liberties, perceived the oppression of Africans as lawful as well as good in 1641† (Code Noir 2008). Slave Revolution When the principal record of blacks showed up in US history it was in Virginia in 1619. The Colonists utilized words like, dark skin and meant words like â€Å"soiled, dirty†¦ repulsive, devilish to depict the blacks, while white skin meant â€Å"purity, excellence, and goodness. â€Å"About 1860 prejudice popped up when white pilgrims began alluding to themselves as white. As time advanced, cruel, severe treatment of the Negro, the African American, the Black, depended on the dehumanizing of this individual, and stating racial oppression. † (Sanders) Unable to swallow the possibility that a dark man could be their equivalent, the American White Anglo-Saxon found a way to ensure that equity just didn’t occur. As ahead of schedule as 1740 laws were passed that rebuffed, by death, any demonstration of insubordination Negro slaves submitted or any demonstration against a white individual that brought about terrible injuries, wounds, or damaging, without advantage of preliminary. French Colony of Saint Domingue The French had the slave framework down to a science realizing that the normal rate per slave was three years. This unavoidable capital punishment, started an upheaval inside the slaves themselves. The French Revolution started, the most well known insurgency which started in the French state of Saint Domingue later known as the nation of Haiti. The Haitian upset went on for a long time, under the administration of Toussaint L’Ouverture. The insurgency took a turn when the slaves obtained weapons from the neighboring Spanish and utilized them to fend off the British, French, and Spanish vanquishing 60,000 officers. The revolt made Britain and France forsake slave exchange, making One Million dark slaves French residents in 1794. The French-Haitian Revolution What Nationalism and Revolution enlighten us regarding the job of subjection in the Atlantic World was what was done to legitimize subjugation. In 1831 a Slave revolt lead by Nat Turner was utilized as motivation to proceed with bondage. The whites were far dwarfed which was the reason The Haitian Revolution was stayed silent. Hence, white Frenchmen were not allowed in Cuba for dread that they recount to the account of the revolt in Haiti. One Million dark slaves became French residents in 1794 and when Napoleon attempted to reinstitute subjugation in 1802 things turned out poorly. At last, Catholicism was utilized to attempt to de-Africanize the slaves, the state wished to acclimatize them socially so as to proceed with their enslavement. American Revolution The American Revolution influenced subjugation by making new ways for the captives to be free. Individuals began addressing bondage on all sides. The Americans won their freedom from the British however the most crucial region that America expected to address was the one of racial isolation. The essential driver of the common war was subjection, and States’ rights. The Americans celebrated when the French toppled its Absolutist government. Authorized savagery in France flooded to the outskirts of Great Britain where they stayed at war until 1815. When the British war with France started draining the British treasury. The war known as the French and Indian War is otherwise called the Seven Years War. The consumption of the treasury caused Britain, who chose the states had developed fat under their not all that careful gaze to burden the Colonists on merchandise that had not recently been burdened. The Stamp Act of 1765, made Parliament make a move, concluding that the settlements expected to add to their own safeguard. That activity was trailed by the British activity to burden the Colonists on merchandise that had not recently been burdened. The last blow came when British constrained the homesteaders to house and feed British warriors. These aggregate activities drove the pilgrims crazy. The Colonists were without an agent in Parliament to top for them. From these aggregate activities the expression, no tax imposition without any political benefit was conceived. Endeavoring to additionally handicap the pioneers endeavors for autonomy the English prohibited creation of an American money †and constrained the settlements to get from British banks at high premium. John Adams e xpressed that,† The unrest was affected before the war started. The insurgency was in the psyches and hearts of the individuals. † (Adams, 2010) Conclusion The American Revolution and Atlantic Revolution wasn’t one single occasion or strife that lead to uprisings all over the place. They were interconnected sharing normal political jargon and solid law based character† While Nationalism and transformation regularly go inseparably patriotism may prompt upheaval, and per

How to Meet the Standards of a Nursing Essay

March 7, 2019 Define a nursing paper. A nursing paper is your means of illustrating your thorough familiarity on a particular subject and ascertaining that you can apply this information in training. It is essential as you write a nursing institute enrollment paper, you go by the subsequent points cautiously, to attain the optimum value and get the ultimate suitable outcome. Discovering Nursing paper themes Prior to commencing your nursing request paper, it is crucial to acquire expounded and in-depth information on the specific topic. It will enable you to construct an understandable arrangement that will sustain the material you are giving. You ought to precisely comprehend whatever you are being questioned on, to build your response suitably, like an author. Investigate several inquiries that you might be able to respond to. You can discover all kinds of nursing paper themes that comprise matters like: â€Å"Must mercy killing be † â€Å"Administering medical care for dementia at its initial † â€Å"Types of risks associated with household † â€Å"Can nurses deny services to uncouth † Select one that is more relative to you and have confidence you would gain an intriguing understanding on. Ponder prudently concerning the reason you selected this particular nursing paper. Create an understandable theory. Remember that you are directing it to extremely sophisticated viewers who know the information you are handing out. Therefore, when composing a paper on nursing, you are obliged to get a personal method to present how your information can be exercised. Your technique and your mode of interpreting the data are the means of distinguishing your essay from all others. Undertaking an investigation Gathering facts is what will fundamentally structure a strong foundation for you while composing a nursing admission paper. The extra points you pick in advance will require you to validate further your standard of proficiency on the matter. During execution of an exhaustive investigation, it is essential to search through various sources to acquire total comprehension of the subject. Internet writings always have updated facts and are thorough on rare scenarios. They provide specific instances and demonstrate how recently developed understanding has been applied to solve an issue. Research those in case you require to explain a precise, individual matter. In case your nursing enrollment paper indulges a wide-spread topic, and you desire to present your general perception, evaluate course books as they will provide an additional overall comprehension of your topic. Examine nursing paper samples, since it is essential to your essay’s triumph. Following the way people have dealt with numerous matters will enable you to get an insight into how a presently acknowledged idea of a nursing school paper is. The web will give you equally decent and terrible samples all the time. Acquire as much as possible from the excellent essays for more reference, and pick up from the errors of the inferior ones to dodge them yourself. All nursing request papers examples you come across should be noted down in an MLA format to salvage your resources in the coming times. However, we will discuss that further. Creating an organization After all the data has been gathered, and you believe that you have a vivid clench of the subject you are about to discuss, you can elaborate the facts collected and disperse it equally to create an appropriate development. Before you start the penning procedure, construct a written essay summary independently so that you can describe the utmost essential rhythms you are keen to go over. All individual rhythms ought to play a part in the advancement of your essay. Getting this summary will ensure you are concentrated on the subject and make you stay on course when you get mentally exhausted. In this rough draft, elaborate shortly the views you want to go over and include the bases, portal site, clauses and course books you will go through if you require more data on the issue. You can pen more than you had primarily planned in your summary every time since it just aids the basis of your creation. Immediately the rough draft is finished start putting it together. To accurately tailor your content to the readers, your nursing institute application paper has to comprise of these elements: Foreword Passage content Wrap-up Foreword You ought to vividly describe your query and provide a calculated design of the way you will respond to it in your prologue. This segment of your essay will act as a road map for you and your audience for the remaining part of the composition. The development of this passage is supposed to be flawless since it should provide your readers with total comprehension of whatever they are about to discover. Employ things such as a dictionary and a wordlist to access words that will significantly suit your topic and emphasize its significance to its optimum ability. Passage content Your passage content must use the foreword like a summary, elaborating the matter stage by stage and shifting swiftly from one thought to the other. There ought to be a well-adjusted flow amidst passages, with individual responses resulting in a different inquiry. As you write a paper on nursing, don’t stray from the topic and remain relevant. Avoid obscuring your passages too much with baseless details. This is the idea behind a nursing paper has to be remembered at all times when penning. As Isaac Newton believed, facts are always established in straightforwardness, and not in the collection and complication of things (Hawkinson 40). Illustrations are what will convert your head of information, into singular dealings. As indicated earlier, it is essential to your essay to illustrate how your comprehension of the issue can be used in the application. Give vast material to all mentioned resolutions you showcase since it will be the highlighting of your trustworthiness. Attempt to dodge sub-surfaced views since it will be a slip-up in your paper. In your passage content, it is significant to identify and inset stress on the direr perspectives, occasionally by recurrence or by merely engaging an audience in identifying a phrase. In conclusion, ensure that in your passage content you provide the audience with adequate data on the matter and responses to all the queries you have tested. In case you are not able to respond to a particular inquiry, do not analyze it, to begin with, as it may only deduct from the value of your graft. Conclude your declarations at the close of your passages and get ready to sum them up in your ending. The wrap-up Your ending will collect all the information, responses, and proof you previously gave and gather it into a sum-up responding to the greater inquiry. Ensure to take account of all the chief info and arrange it chronologically. Describe in what way your method was essential in solving a matter since it will be especially critical to your readers. Perfecting your sketch The technique of creating your nursing expert paper mirrors a systematic structure. Commence with a design by constructing your essay using all individual fragments of information you can acquire. Afterward, as you proceed, thin it out to the most vital of your subject data. It is essential to start your task beforehand and have enough duration to finish your work. Get breaks amidst sketches and allow the job to internalize in your mind. After it’s solved, the data will continually get administered in your mind, on a subliminal point. It might result in you exploring other means to tackle scenarios that had never crossed your mind. Pass on your rough work at all times to individuals with a better understanding of penning and nursing compared to get an excellent response. Regularly, the author might be partial relative to their job and miss some apparent errors. Develop your paper using various techniques. Your mind processes data efficiently if it’s created using several distinct wits and in numerous methods. Utilize the ensuing styles: Technological revisions: Let your PC correct your errors and give your linguistic answers. Colored reviews: Mark problematic sections of your paper to check what requires a lot of focus. Corrections that can be heard: Pronounce the writing to notice statement construction faults. Your essay has to vividly develop as you move forward through your rough work. Unnecessary data will be automatically exempted once you get improved methods of elaborating your techniques. Your last sketch will be very different from how you imagined it initially. Your paper for the nursing institution will seem finished. However, there are numerous phases to cover before sending it. Concluding an application Once you are confident that the material of your paper for a nursing school admittance has attained maximum quality, subject it to appropriate structuring to get the submission necessities. The recommended general format by Purdue University is 12 pt. Times New Roman font with double spacing and a set of 1-inch margins on all sides (Purdue Writing Lab n.p.). Like it was indicated earlier, subject your essay to several language and spelling inspection portal sites to enhance its value. Use keyword weight sites to stay clear of important word recurrence, plus should the opportunity arise that you find yourself with such troubles, the dictionary will be a fast resolution. In conclusion, ascertain that you have gone through the necessities of your application severally and have an articulate strategy of getting to them. Avoid letting structuring errors depreciate the remarkable material you are giving out. Eliminating clear similarity Clear similarity can lead to your essay flunking. However, that can simply be eliminated when you mention all the sites you made use of as you wrote your paper. The absence of citations can impose on the audience the thought that you are attempting to get recognition for another person’s research. Provided an instance in which you are certain that something you explored from a different resource deserves to be stated in your essay, state it straightforwardly in your citation segment and eliminate any issues. As you cite a writer’s paper or concept, insert the publication period in parenthesis beside the writer’s identification. In case you are extracting a passage straight from a different site, simply note the extract in quotes and afterward put the writer’s identity, time, and the page later in parenthesis. Appendix An extra intricate duplicate of it should proceed all references you utilize in your work in the citation part. There are sites everywhere in the web in that by just inputting the key factors; the domain will create an MLA structured reference for you and salvage you a lot of time. This is how to cite data from various kinds of sites: Book: In Hannah, K. J., In Hussey, P., In Kennedy, M. A., In Ball, M. J. (2015).  Introduction to nursing informatics. Diary Article: Craig, C. (2007). Surviving Orientation.  AJN The American Journal of Nursing,  107(9), 39. Online Journal Article: Rodriguez, C., Victor, C., Leonardi, N., Sulo, S., Littlejohn, G. (2016). Barriers to participation in an online nursing journal club at a community teaching hospital.  The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing,  47(12), 536-542. Paper authorship guide from our expert crew In case you are applying to get a medical degree, you will face many circumstances in which you are required to pen a nursing paper. The essay carries out an excellent work expounding composing tips. As per my encounter with nursing papers, I am knowledgeable that there is a factor that experts are interested in. They desire to know that you comprehend whatever it is you are creating and that you set time aside to grasp each phrase. In accordance with the referencing design you utilize, you can supplement healthcare vocabulary with cross-references that you are employing all through your paper. This will indicate to your supervisor that you put effort into describing and utilizing the vocabulary accurately. Also, should the need occur where you are penning an extensive content, like a nursing thesis, it will be significantly readable to your audience, since they will have a capacity to comprehend your content. Good fortune in following your nursing profession! Require any assistance? At times, nurses are more knowledgeable about acquiring a blood specimen and sewing the patients compared to paper authorship. Absurd isn’t it? Luckily, in case you are a nursing scholar who is too busy to pen your paper, you can request one from the company online. Our paper authors are knowledgeable about several subjects and can write any paper you require. Even though nursing appears to be an unusual subject, our authors have faced more peculiar subjects.

Essay on HISTORY - 1490 Words

Name: Date: Graded Assignment Final Exam Part 2 I. Map On this world map, indicate the following features: Amazon Rainforest Panama Canal The Himalayas The Ring of Fire The Mississippi River The Gobi Desert (10 points) II. Graphic Organizer Fill in the table below about these five major world religions. Do not fill in the shaded boxes. (10 points) Religion Name at least one Holy Text How do you achieve enlightment? Describe their view about the afterlife. Hinduism Bhagvada Gata Do good deeds to get good karma until you break the samsara or cycle of reincarnation and reach enlightenment Buddhism Believe the Four Truths are true and real, follow the Eightfold Path, meditation is one of the major steps to†¦show more content†¦Voting patterns even seem to follow where the ice age hit worst and where it didn’t but this may have nothing to do with the ice age andmerely just that the industrialized regions are interested in different aspects of what each candidate hs to offer. IV. Short Answer Consider that Earth’s population is projected to rise to 10 billion by the year 2050. The current population is only around 6 billion. Most scientists predict global warming will be noticeable by the year 2050 as well. What parts of the world currently have the fastest and slowest population growth? (4 points) Fastest ïÆ'   Sub-Saharan Africa Slowest ïÆ'   Europe What regions do you think will have the highest population densities in the year 2050? Explain why. (6 points) My best guess is India will have the highest population density because they are industrializing quickly, have plenty resources and are working to get more and also they have lot of job opportunities. In other places it does seem like there will be much industrialization such as Africa which can cause the people to die out when they do nt have resources. Also the culture in India from what I have seen is that people have many children and encourage big families and take care of each other. How do you think the population increase will affect urban areas in the world? (5 points) They will continue toShow MoreRelatedValuation of Integrated Oil Gas Companies Msc Thesis33042 Words   |  133 Pages.........................40 FIGURE 26: BP PLC, DCF SUMMARY OUTPUT..............................................................................................................................................42 FIGURE 27: EXXON MOBIL CORP, DCF SUMMA RY OUTPUT..................................................................................................................43 FIGURE 28: BP PLC, DCF MODEL BACKTEST FIGURE 29: EXXON MOBIL CORP, DCF MODEL BACKTEST........................................Read MoreEconomics a Good Choice of Major7583 Words   |  31 Pages0.42 0.31 0.31 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 20 Chart 9. Probability of Becoming an SP 500 CEO, by Major, as Compared to Economics 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Econ Engin Busin Poli Science Math Acct Hist Comput Engl Health Bio Soc Psych Grouping the 14 majors into the four categories used earlier in the trend analysis, Economics, Business, Science Engineering and Liberal Arts (excluding Economics), generates the results shown in Chart 10. When

Taking a Look at Celiac Disease - 752 Words

The digestive tract is a group of tubes that extend from the mouth to the anus. Digestive diseases range from the occasional upset stomach to the more life-threatening cancers and infections within the liver, the gallbladder, and the pancreas. Most digestive diseases are prevalent in the elderly. Intestinal infections such as gastroenteritis and appendicitis are higher in among infants and children. Other diseases like hemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic liver disease, occur more commonly among teenagers and middle-aged adults. The celiac disease is a digestive disease that damages the lining of the small intestine and an abnormal immune reaction to gluten. Celiac disease is a genetic disease. The disease does not always immediately happen; sometimes it has to be triggered. Some things that can trigger this disease or make it become active are childbirth, pregnancy, heavy emotional stress, a viral infection, and even after surgery. The damage of the intestine makes it difficult for the absorption of nutrients from food such as fat, calcium, iron and folate. Those with this disease cannot intake gluten which is found in wheat, rye, and barely. When people with the celiac disease eat foods or use products that contain gluten, their immune system responds by destroying the villi, finger-like projections of the mucous membrane lining the small intestine. Villi are what allow the nutrients from foods we intake to be absorbed into the walls of the smallShow MoreRelatedGluten, Wheat And Grain Products915 Words   |  4 Pagesbuckwheat. Some common symptoms of celiac disease include gas, bloating, fatigue, diarrhea and skin rashes. One way that celiac disease can be diagnosed is through a blood test that tests for antibodies specialized to celiac disease. 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The Societal Impact Of The Internet Essay free essay sample

The Societal Impact Of The Internet. Essay, Research Paper In our modern society, engineering has impacted our lives in about every facet conceivable. Our life manner has become one of the new epochs, covering well with strands of new engineering each twenty-four hours. If you would halt for a minute and graze upon memories from your comparative yesteryear, you excessively can see what an impact engineering has had, every bit good as the development it has undertaken. Ten old ages ago people could non hold imagined how different their lives would be. Today many families contain at least one personal computing machine. The simplest of things have all changed on history of newer, better, faster and more efficient signifiers of advanced engineering. A primary focal point can be taken entirely on the impact computing machines have had in our changing universe. But I as a pupil would prefer to contract the range even farther, as to analyse the impact the Internet has had upon people and their lives. It is safe to presume that about everybody has heard about the Internet, and many have experienced it. The Internet is a conglobation of world-wide webs linked together, which we as users have public entree to. The really beginning of the Internet consisted of four chief computing machines linked together, which they called the ARPANET ( Shelly-Cashman,7.3 ) . The U.S. Department of Defense funded this initial web. These computing machines where nil like the Internet we know of today, they merely transferred information in a really rough manner, but still it was the beginning. The chief ends of this first web were to make a system of linked computing machines across an country of land, which would be run even if one of the four computing machines malfunctioned. The 2nd intent was to let scientists to portion cognition and informations across the given country of land ( Shelly -Cashman,7.3 ) . Today the Internet ranges across the Earth, incorporating information far beyond that of whi ch it s Godheads of all time imagined. Originally the Internet was suppose to incorporate merely that information refering the scientific disciplines, but as it evolved, the amusement intents of the users became noticeable. To day of the month, the Internet contains information on about any topic, topographic point, etc. Advantages of the Internet are its velocity, capacity and low cost. These really features are the ingredients to the reformation of our society, as engineering progresss, people have become more eager to have the most possible, in the least sum of clip for the lowest sum of cost. The Internet has allowed our universe non merely to spread out, but the Internet has added some alone turns to the universe we now live in. Twenty old ages ago, if you needed to acquire background information on a peculiar subject for school, work or leisure, you had to make it at a library, or similar installation, which merely allowed you entree during their concern hours. Today society h as entered the Information Superhighway. This name is normally associated with the Internet, as it is the beginning of something that has neer been seen before. One can acquire information, give information and base on balls it along to person else in a affair of proceedingss. Peoples have entree to shopping, other people, information and other topographic points. The Internet allows us to increase our communicating channels with others around the Earth, portion what they offer, and displace it further throughout the network.In add-on to these great advantages the Internet offers us, there are many disadvantages that correspond. Increased communicating has both benefited our society, every bit good as injury it. The Internet has bred a new coevals of offense and unconfined malicious information.When a user logs on the Internet he has the pick as to the information he/she chooses to see, but the disadvantage is that there is a immense sum of information on the Internet that if applie d falsely could ache many people. A perfect illustration can be seen in the recent ruinous mass slaying in Littleton, Colorado. The two male childs who committed this ghastly act had been sharing their programs over the Internet with others, plans that included how-to messages for making explosives. Other messages they sent contained dangerous remarks directed at fellow equals of their category whom they did non like. These types of use on the Internet are what have created a new epoch of felons. Ten old ages ago, there where non any Internet offenses, people didn t even know what that term meant. Yet in today s society the impact of the Internet can be seen on a district attorney ily footing in newspapers, magazines and media. Internet offenses range from computing machine fraud to slaying. Governments have had to larn to cover with this new condemnable component. The chief concern with the Internet is that there is no existent bureau or group vested to command it s content, hence leting the user to be wholly free as to what they read, or supply on the Internet itself. In add-on to the more terrible disadvantages to the usage of the Internet, the Internet has besides created Internet drug addicts, people whom spend extended periods of clip online. In a survey conducted by Viktor Brenner of the University of Buffalo, Viktor attempts to specify the footings of Internet dependence, every bit good as devise statistics to name to this new phenomenon. There are people whom are logged on the Internet all twenty-four hours, if non all dark, losing slumber, doing perturbations in household life, and losing touch with other existent people around them due to their dependence to the Internet. Although Viktor s survey was non completed, he stated that many are addicted to chew the fat suites, porn sites and web surfboarding in general. It would be interesting to see the terminal decisions to this survey, because being an Internet user I could see how many people could go addicted to the Internet. The information main road has really few boundaries ; Internet d ependence is decidedly a possibility.In analysing the Internet and its disadvantages, one can clearly see that it s advantages far out weigh it s disadvantages. The Internet is besides responsible for many great achievements as good. It has provided the universe with a 24-hour section shop, eternal amusement and improved channels of communicating as mentioned earlier. The Internet has made people in some instances 1000000s of dollars, through the usage of electronic trading of stocks and other securities. Not to advert that it has provided Internet Service Providers such as America On-line, Netscape and Bill Gates ( Microsoft ) each with their ain little luck. The Internet allows users to put orders for purchases, research merchandises and sell merchandises with the simple touch of their mouse. Aside from the things it has to offer in the retail and finance industries, the Internet has given people one of the greatest advantages of all, that is increased communicating, at a really l ow cost. You can log-on and talk to friends and relations around the universe, even run into new friends in topographic points you neer heard of. In add-on this has allowed increased communicating for concerns to utilize every bit good. As identified in an Internet related article, concerns are now utilizing the Internet to pass on alternatively of the phone. The cost endured by the Internet is far lower than the costs of the usage of phones, facsimiles and mail. The simple decrease in paper usage entirely would salvage companies 1000s each twelvemonth. If you can direct e-mail, why wage postage, if you can scan a papers why wage facsimile charges, and if you can videoconference why wage for a phone call? Businesss have learned to utilize the Internet as a tool, a really valuable tool so. The cost of Internet services for the mean user is about $ 20 per month, there is no manner anyone could crush this monetary value if they used the facsimile to direct messages, or get off a memo e ach clip they merely needed to state hullo to a friend. As the Internet continues to turn and germinate so will we as users, developing into whatever the Internet shapes us to be. The complete impact of the Internet is hard to buttockss, because it is still altering, but In fact, one of the things that may be lost in the ageless narratives about the Internet, Internet companies and Internet [ users ] is that this truly is a revolution # 8211 ; but like most genuinely major alterations, it is a revolution measured in decennaries, non hebdomads and months, and no 1, including the most direct participants, truly knows how it will alter our lives ( Burns ) BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE 1. Detecting Computer 98 ; A Link to the Future. Shelly, B. Gary, Cashman, J. Thomas, Waggoner, A. Gloria, Waggoner, C. William. Shelly Cashman series 1998, ( page 7.3 ) .2. Internet is a revolution for the # 8217 ; 90s. The Dallas Morning News, Copyright A ; transcript 1996 The Dallas Morning News All Rights Rese rved, 08-04-1996, pp 1H.3. Are You Addicted To The Internet? . Newsbytes News Network. Copyright A ; transcript 1996 Newsbytes News Network. , 02-12-19964. A Broken Society. The London Free Press. Final Edition, Editorial/Opinion Section Copyright A ; transcript 1999, from The London Free Press.

The Diary of Anne Frank Book Review Essay Example For Students

The Diary of Anne Frank Book Review Essay Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl On June 12, 1929, at 7:30 AM, a baby girl was born in Frankfort, Germany. No one realized that this infant, who was Jewish, was destined to become one of the worlds most famous victims of World War II. Her name was Anne Frank. Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl, by Anne Frank and B.M. Mooyaart, was actually the real diary of Anne Frank. Anne was a girl who lived with her family during the time while the Nazis took power over Germany. Because they were Jewish, Otto, Edith, Margot, and Anne Frank immigrated to Holland in 1933. Hitler invaded Holland on May 10, 1940, a month before Annes eleventh birthday. In July 1942, Annes family went into hiding in the Prinsengracht building. Anne and her family called it the Secret Annex. We will write a custom essay on The Diary of Anne Frank Book Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Life there was not easy at all. They had to wake up at 6:45 every morning. Nobody could go outside, nor turn on lights at night. Anne mostly spent her time reading books, writing stories, and of course, making daily entries in her diary. She only kept her diary while hiding from the Nazis. This diary told the story of the excitement and horror in this young girls life during the Holocaust. Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl reveals the life of a young innocent girl who is forced into hiding from the Nazis because of her religion, Judaism. This book is very informing and enlightening. It introduces a time period of discrimination, unfair judgment, and power-crazed individuals, and with this, it shows the effect on the defenseless. After reading this book, we were forced to look at life in a different way. The luxuries that are provided for us that we take for granted, like money, cars, a house, food, and even rights, were all put into perspective. We couldnt use street cars, go to the theater, couldnt be out past 8 PM, couldnt even sit in our own gardens. We had to turn in our bicycles; no swimming pools, beaches, or libraries- we couldnt even walk on the sunny side of the street. This is a quote from Annes diary. This just touches upon some of the many simple luxuries that were robbed from her and her family. Today, most of us would blow a casket if we were so inconvenienced as to not be able to drive a car, stay out past midnight even, or not to be able to enjoy sunlight. At one time or another, especially during the summer, each and every one of us makes an appearance at the beach or the local pool. Imagining not even being able to see the sunlight for years at a time really can make one think maybe its okay that I didnt get the tan I wanted this summer, or that we couldnt make the trip to North Carolina. Almost every person at one point in his or her lives takes something for granted. Just imagining what Anne and her family had to go through makes us realize that life is rough sometimes, and we may not always get what we want, but it could always be worse, and maybe we should learn to take pleasure in the little things life has to offer. From reading this book, we gathered a lot of information. One of the most important messages was that things dont come easy for everyone, and you should appreciate what you have when you have it because in a matter of days, it could all be gone. Like we said before, life could always be worse, I mean we could be dead (knock on wood). We knew this girl who had everything that she could possibly want. .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807 , .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807 .postImageUrl , .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807 , .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807:hover , .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807:visited , .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807:active { border:0!important; } .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807:active , .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807 .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0c97adf9809918e9804f4dd0388bb807:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bally?s Total Fitness Essay She was very lucky, yet she never really appreciated what was handed to her every day. One day, while driving to her friends house, she was hit by a car, and she wasnt so lucky anymore. She could no longer walk, or even talk. In a matter of seconds, her whole life was changed. Had she known this was going to happen, Im sure there would have been more .

European Miconceptions About The Indians Essays - Free Essays

European Miconceptions About The Indians Essays - Free Essays European Miconceptions About The Indians What types of Indian behavior, rituals and customs did Europeans typically misunderstand or mis interpret? What myths of Indian society resulted? After being isolated from Europe for so long it was only a matter of time before the two wolrds collided, the simpler world of the indians with the more advanced world of the europeans. Not only was the European world different but the Indian world was multifacted within itself. Out of the collision of these two worlds there was bound to be some misconceptions and misinterpretations. The europeans often misconstrued certain indian behaviors. The male indians were perceived to be lazy since the females tended the fields as well as the home while the males went hunting or fishing. Hunting and fishing to the europeans was a reacreational activity not a necessity for survival. It was customary for an Indian male to have arranged sexaul relations if his wife was pregnant or nursing. the europeans saw this as indulging in every kind of intemperance and wicked lust. The indians were seen as naive because they had no interest in amassing wealth, therefore the europeans concluded that the indians were childlike and not to be treated as equals. Indians were also seen as heathens because they worshipped a large number of gods. The indians believed in each being having a different level of manitou. Out of this belief many different rituals were born. To appease or woo powerful spiritual entities, individuals would pray and/or sacifice valuable items such as furs,food, or tobacco but when the entire community sought divine assistance to ensure successful hunts, good harvsets, or victories they called upon shamans. These rituals reinforced European beliefs that the indians were heathens. Many myths of indian society resulted from European misconceptions. These myths included but were not limited to: the indians being naive,blood thirsty sasvasges who indulged in every kind of wicked lust and performed strange rituals. the europeans unjustly labeled the indians because their way of life was different. European perceptions were based on life as they knew it and they felt that they way of life was the right way. Just because someone does something a different way doesn't mean it is wrong or of lesser value.

Jurisdiction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jurisdiction - Assignment Example Moreover, Physician-assisted suicide is essentially contradictory with the medical doctor’s role as healer, would be hard or impossible to manage, and would pose serious risk to the entire society. Instead of taking part in assisted suicide, medical doctors should aggressively respond to the immediate needs of patients. Additionally, Patients should not be deserted once it is established that treatment of the illness is impossible. Patients who feel that death is preferable to life should continue to receive sufficient pain control, emotional support, good communication, comfort care and respect. In this case, Gena failed to exercise high level of care that a rational being would have exercised under the same condition. Therefore, Gena is liable for the damage because she failed to exercise reasonable care to prevent the damage, her own action resulted to damage and that there is a proximate cause of the damage—she kicked the ball which broke the window. I must prove that Gena owed a  duty of care, that Gena  breached or  neglected that duty, that the tortfeasor  caused  the damage (but for Gena’s actions, I would not have suffered the damage), that I suffered the loss as a result of that breach and finally, that there was  proximate cause  to prove the breach resulted to damage. The term assault can be defined as an intentional placing of another person in apprehension of imminent offensive contact with the clear ability to perform it. In this case, it is clear that Gena’s act was intended to cause apprehension of offensive contact and also her act indeed caused it. Therefore, Gena committed the tort of assault and so she is liable for it. This is kind of divorce is categorized under Ex parte divorce which occurs only when one spouse take part in court proceedings. The court can only grant this kind of divorce only and if the

IT Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT Outsourcing - Essay Example Information technology processes are primary among those outsourced as they call for expertise and can dramatically boost the brand image of a company. Since outsourcing has long been taken on as a cost-cutting strategy, companies will want to identify services that can be hired out to experts to perform them. Moreover, outsourcing enables companies to achieve flexibility as they can take advantage of time differences as the companies hired out are usually overseas. Besides that, where a company is facing great demand during peak seasons, they can meet this demand by hiring out manufacturing processes to overseas companies with the expertise. This is quite beneficial to a company as it gives them an edge over their competitors in terms of surprise availability and ability to meet consumers’ requirements consistently (Blokdijk, 2008). With respect to IT, service value chain can be achieved by for instance where companies approach a company to provide storage through cloud compu ters and provide applications that streamline operations using customized software. Most sought after is web hosting services, there are risks attached to this that will require deep consideration and analysis. These are related to the vendors, such that their being in the driving seat allows them to take control of operations. This could result in conflict of interests, a company may lose its identity while associating with certain vendors, managing and directing vendors may prove challenging and when the outsourcing company decides to end the partnership with a vendor, critical knowledge goes with the vendors which may prove risky and expensive as they will be vulnerable to competition (Kroenke, 2012). Hence, it is crucial that companies establish fundamental principles when making a contract with vendors or suppliers of IT services. This ensures there is a meeting of minds allowing a cohesive and mutually beneficial relationship to exist. However, this should not be done in a dic tatorial manner as it may build reluctance from the vendor. The buyer should notify the vendor what the expectations are so that the vendor understands the obligations faced by the company. Prior to this, a company seeking to outsource IT services should do a thorough background check on potential vendors or suppliers to make certain they are reliable and competent to perform the services. This prevents a situation where quality of service from the vendor is below par. An outsourcing company should also be careful not to entirely expose its intellectual capital, in form of skills and knowledge, to the vendors as this may prove damaging if accessed by the competition (Blokdijk, 2008). From the mini-case study, it is understandable why management would want to outsource IT services seeing as it should support 5,000 students, excluding staff and they have an accommodating budget. Nevertheless, having an extra 15 employees, over and above the 30 employees, all dedicated to the same busi ness function may prove expensive and redundant. The university needs to rationalize the outsourced services to ensure they maximize capital utilization, where capital in this case refers to existing employees. In addition, the associated costs of outsourcing services should be supported by quantifiable benefits accrued from the services. It would be sensible to outsource IT s

Sarojini naidu Essay Example for Free

Sarojini naidu Essay Indian poet, lecturer, and politician. Naidu is remembered as a virtuoso of English metrical forms and romantic imagery in her poetry, which she wrote in English. Her mastery of such difficult poetic constructs as the dactylic prompted the English writers Edmund Gosse and Arthur Symons to praise her work widely and develop friendships with her. Equally concerned with Indias freedom movement and womens rights as with writing poetry, Naidu became a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and lectured on behalf of Indian independence throughout India, Africa, the United States, and Canada. Her political career reached its peak when she was elected the first woman governor of the United Provinces in 1947. Biographical Information Naidu was born into a high-caste Bengali family in 1879. Her father, Aghorenath Chattopadhyaya, became, after obtaining his doctorate from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, a distinguished scholar and linguist who founded two Indian colleges, one for women. Naidus mother, Varada Sundari, was a minor poet and noted singer. Naidu began writing poetry as a child and at the age of twelve passed the matriculation examination for the University of Madras. As a teenager, Naidu fell in love with Govindarajulu Naidu, a doctor who was neither Bengali nor of the Brahmin caste. Hoping to prevent their daughter from marrying outside her social group, her parents sent her to England in 1895. There Naidu attended Kings College, London, and Girton College, Cambridge, where she further developed her poetic style and became friends with such well-known English critics and writers as Edmund Gosse and Arthur Symons, who helped her to refine her work. In 1898 Naidu returned to India and married Govindarajulu Naidu despite her familys disapproval. Because of her familys high status, Naidu had access to many of the most prominent thinkers, writers, and political figures of Indias modern intellectual renaissance. Her first volume of poetry, The Golden Threshold, was published in England in 1905; with an introduction by Arthur Symons. The book was well-received, and Naidu was encouraged to continue publishing her work until 1917, when she abruptly stopped. At this point, Naidu became active in Indian politics. She had met Gandhi in 1914 and soon decided to join him in the struggle for Indian independence. Naidus first cause as a political activist was womens rights; she traveled throughout India lecturing on womens educational needs and promoting suffrage, and became the first woman to hold several prominent positions in the Indian government. In 1925 she was elected President of the Indian National Congress, and during the 1920s traveled throughout Africa and North America campaigning for Indian independence. Naidu was arrested and imprisoned for revolutionary activities several times during her career. In 1947-when independence was achieved-Naidu was elected acting governor of the United Provinces. She died in 1949. Major Works Naidus early poetry evidences the strong Western influence of her Brahmin upbringing. Crafting poems in traditional English metrical forms, she concentrated primarily on Western themes and images. Edmund Gosse, upon reading her work when he met her in London, recognized Naidus potential but encouraged her to incorporate Indian subjects into her work. Naidu followed Gosses advice, and her first volume, The Golden Threshold, combines traditional poetic forms with lush images of India. The book achieved popular and critical success in England, where Edwardian readers admired Naidus deft handling of the English language as well as the native view of Indian exotica it offered them. Naidus second collection of poems, The Bird of Time (1912), confronted more serious themes such as death and grief as well as containing poems expressing Naidus patriotism and religious convictions. Gosse provided the forward to this volume, noting Naidus rich exploration of complex issues in delicate, romantic language. In her third volume, The Broken Wing (1917), Naidu included more poems of patriotism and description of Indian culture. More important, The Broken Wing contains the work many critics consider Naidus greatest poetic achievement, The Temple: A Pilgrimage of Love. A series of twenty-four poems, The Temple explores the joys, pain, and vagaries of a mature love relationship in graphic, sometimes violent, imagery, and concludes in a meditation on death. The Broken Wing was the last volume of poetry published in Naidus lifetime. Many critics have wondered about the reason for her apparently sudden departure from literary pursuits to political involvement. Some speculate that her popularity dwindled, particularly in England, when she moved away from the flowery, romantic style of her early poetry to a comparatively morbid and contemplative tone in her later work. Others contend that her preoccupation with patriotic themes caused readers to lose interest. In 1961 Naidus daughter published a collection of her previously unpublished poems, The Feather of the Dawn, but it met with little critical interest. Her poetry has since undergone reevaluation by Indian critics, many of whom regard her as one of Indias greatest twentieth-century poets.

Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on Aquatic Ecosystems Essays

The Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on Aquatic Ecosystems Introduction Throughout the years, advances in technology and scientific development have greatly influenced our global community. Various anthropogenic factors, such as the increased combustion of fossil fuels and widespread usage of manmade chemicals, have greatly affected the planet's atmosphere and it's ozone layer. Ozone Depletion The stratospheric ozone layer is the Earth's natural means of protection from the Sun's damaging ultraviolet rays. Some of the chemicals most harmful to the ozone layer are chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs. These compounds are chemically inert gasses that, when introduced to the stratosphere, speed up the depletion of the ozone layer. The reason that these chemicals are so harmful is that after a CFC molecule is broken up by UV radiation in the stratosphere, its Chlorine atom is free to react with the ozone molecules in the atmosphere. Because Chlorine is a catalyst, it continues to react with other ozone molecules causing continuous damage and depletion of the ozone, as can be seen from the chart of CFC reactions below. As the ozone layer continues to be depleted, more harmful ultraviolet rays are able to penetrate the earth's atmosphere and are absorbed by its surface. Although the sun's emissions of UV rays remain constant, decreases in stratospheric ozone levels cause a reduction in the Earth's protection from the sun's harmful rays. Research has recently shown that over exposure to UV-B radiation can impair the body's ability to fight off disease, in addition to causing skin cancer and a range of eye disorders. Ultraviolet radiation also deleteriously affects plant growth by reducing leaf size and the... ...mental effects on marine life and the aquatic food chain. Further damage to the earth's aquatic ecosystems must be prevented in order to prevent not only the deterioration of oceanic life, but also the deterioration of the planet and its diverse life forms. By ceasing CFC usage and implementing substitutes, as well as through decreasing fossil fuel emissions and the release of other chemicals into the atmosphere, we can attempt to conserve what remains of the ozone layer and thus impede the increasing penetration of UV rays into the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The safety of the planet and its organisms rests on the protection of the stratospheric ozone layer. If the depletion of stratospheric ozone continues, it will result in the deterioration of the phytoplankton which is an important base to the aquatic food chain on which most marine and animal life depends. Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on Aquatic Ecosystems Essays The Effect of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion on Aquatic Ecosystems Introduction Throughout the years, advances in technology and scientific development have greatly influenced our global community. Various anthropogenic factors, such as the increased combustion of fossil fuels and widespread usage of manmade chemicals, have greatly affected the planet's atmosphere and it's ozone layer. Ozone Depletion The stratospheric ozone layer is the Earth's natural means of protection from the Sun's damaging ultraviolet rays. Some of the chemicals most harmful to the ozone layer are chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs. These compounds are chemically inert gasses that, when introduced to the stratosphere, speed up the depletion of the ozone layer. The reason that these chemicals are so harmful is that after a CFC molecule is broken up by UV radiation in the stratosphere, its Chlorine atom is free to react with the ozone molecules in the atmosphere. Because Chlorine is a catalyst, it continues to react with other ozone molecules causing continuous damage and depletion of the ozone, as can be seen from the chart of CFC reactions below. As the ozone layer continues to be depleted, more harmful ultraviolet rays are able to penetrate the earth's atmosphere and are absorbed by its surface. Although the sun's emissions of UV rays remain constant, decreases in stratospheric ozone levels cause a reduction in the Earth's protection from the sun's harmful rays. Research has recently shown that over exposure to UV-B radiation can impair the body's ability to fight off disease, in addition to causing skin cancer and a range of eye disorders. Ultraviolet radiation also deleteriously affects plant growth by reducing leaf size and the... ...mental effects on marine life and the aquatic food chain. Further damage to the earth's aquatic ecosystems must be prevented in order to prevent not only the deterioration of oceanic life, but also the deterioration of the planet and its diverse life forms. By ceasing CFC usage and implementing substitutes, as well as through decreasing fossil fuel emissions and the release of other chemicals into the atmosphere, we can attempt to conserve what remains of the ozone layer and thus impede the increasing penetration of UV rays into the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. The safety of the planet and its organisms rests on the protection of the stratospheric ozone layer. If the depletion of stratospheric ozone continues, it will result in the deterioration of the phytoplankton which is an important base to the aquatic food chain on which most marine and animal life depends.

Compilation of Mathematicians and Their Contributions

I. Greek Mathematicians Thales of Miletus Birthdate: 624 B. C. Died: 547-546 B. C. Nationality: Greek Title: Regarded as â€Å"Father of Science† Contributions: * He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry. * Discovery that a circle is  bisected  by its diameter, that the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal and that  vertical angles  are equal. * Accredited with foundation of the Ionian school of Mathematics that was a centre of learning and research. * Thales theorems used in Geometry: . The pairs of opposite angles formed by two intersecting lines are equal. 2. The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal. 3. The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180 °. 4. An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle. Pythagoras Birthdate: 569 B. C. Died: 475 B. C. Nationality: Greek Contributions: * Pythagorean Theorem. In a right angled triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two sides. Note: A right triangle is a triangle that contains one right (90 °) angle.The longest side of a right triangle, called the hypotenuse, is the side opposite the right angle. The Pythagorean Theorem is important in mathematics, physics, and astronomy and has practical applications in surveying. * Developed a sophisticated numerology in which odd numbers denoted male and even female: 1 is the generator of numbers and is the number of reason 2 is the number of opinion 3 is the number of harmony 4 is the number of justice and retribution (opinion squared) 5 is the number of marriage (union of the ? rst male and the ? st female numbers) 6 is the number of creation 10 is the holiest of all, and was the number of the universe, because 1+2+3+4 = 10. * Discovery of incommensurate ratios, what we would call today irrational numbers. * Made the ? rst inroads into the branch of mathematics which would today be called Number Theory. * Setting up a secret mystical society, known as th e Pythagoreans that taught Mathematics and Physics. Anaxagoras Birthdate: 500 B. C. Died: 428 B. C. Nationality: Greek Contributions: * He was the first to explain that the moon shines due to reflected light from the sun. Theory of minute constituents of things and his emphasis on mechanical processes in the formation of order that paved the way for the atomic theory. * Advocated that matter is composed of infinite elements. * Introduced the notion of nous (Greek, â€Å"mind† or â€Å"reason†) into the philosophy of origins. The concept of nous (â€Å"mind†), an infinite and unchanging substance that enters into and controls every living object. He regarded material substance as an infinite multitude of imperishable primary elements, referring all generation and disappearance to mixture and separation, respectively.Euclid Birthdate: c. 335 B. C. E. Died: c. 270 B. C. E. Nationality: Greek Title: â€Å"Father of Geometry† Contributions: * Published a book called the â€Å"Elements† serving as the main textbook for teaching  mathematics  (especially  geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century. The Elements. One of the oldest surviving fragments of Euclid's  Elements, found at  Oxyrhynchus and dated to circa AD 100. * Wrote works on perspective,  conic sections,  spherical geometry,  number theory  and  rigor. In addition to the  Elements, at least five works of Euclid have survived to the present day. They follow the same logical structure as  Elements, with definitions and proved propositions. Those are the following: 1. Data  deals with the nature and implications of â€Å"given† information in geometrical problems; the subject matter is closely related to the first four books of the  Elements. 2. On Divisions of Figures, which survives only partially in  Arabic  translation, concerns the division of geometrical figures into two or more equal par ts or into parts in given  ratios.It is similar to a third century AD work by  Heron of Alexandria. 3. Catoptrics, which concerns the mathematical theory of mirrors, particularly the images formed in plane and spherical concave mirrors. The attribution is held to be anachronistic however by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson who name  Theon of Alexandria  as a more likely author. 4. Phaenomena, a treatise on  spherical astronomy, survives in Greek; it is quite similar to  On the Moving Sphere  by  Autolycus of Pitane, who flourished around 310 BC. * Famous five postulates of Euclid as mentioned in his book Elements . Point is that which has no part. 2. Line is a breadthless length. 3. The extremities of lines are points. 4. A straight line lies equally with respect to the points on itself. 5. One can draw a straight line from any point to any point. * The  Elements  also include the following five â€Å"common notions†: 1. Things that are equal to the same thi ng are also equal to one another (Transitive property of equality). 2. If equals are added to equals, then the wholes are equal. 3. If equals are subtracted from equals, then the remainders are equal. 4.Things that coincide with one another equal one another (Reflexive Property). 5. The whole is greater than the part. Plato Birthdate: 424/423 B. C. Died: 348/347 B. C. Nationality: Greek Contributions: * He helped to distinguish between  pure  and  applied mathematics  by widening the gap between â€Å"arithmetic†, now called  number theory  and â€Å"logistic†, now called  arithmetic. * Founder of the  Academy  in  Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the  Western world. It provided a comprehensive curriculum, including such subjects as astronomy, biology, mathematics, political theory, and philosophy. Helped to lay the foundations of  Western philosophy  and  science. * Platonic solids Platonic solid is a regular, convex poly hedron. The faces are congruent, regular polygons, with the same number of faces meeting at each vertex. There are exactly five solids which meet those criteria; each is named according to its number of faces. * Polyhedron Vertices Edges FacesVertex configuration 1. tetrahedron4643. 3. 3 2. cube / hexahedron81264. 4. 4 3. octahedron61283. 3. 3. 3 4. dodecahedron2030125. 5. 5 5. icosahedron1230203. 3. 3. 3. 3 AristotleBirthdate: 384 B. C. Died: 322 BC (aged 61 or 62) Nationality: Greek Contributions: * Founded the Lyceum * His biggest contribution to the field of mathematics was his development of the study of logic, which he termed â€Å"analytics†, as the basis for mathematical study. He wrote extensively on this concept in his work Prior Analytics, which was published from Lyceum lecture notes several hundreds of years after his death. * Aristotle's Physics, which contains a discussion of the infinite that he believed existed in theory only, sparked much debate in later cen turies.It is believed that Aristotle may have been the first philosopher to draw the distinction between actual and potential infinity. When considering both actual and potential infinity, Aristotle states this:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1. A body is defined as that which is bounded by a surface, therefore there cannot be an infinite body. 2. A Number, Numbers, by definition, is countable, so there is no number called ‘infinity’. 3. Perceptible bodies exist somewhere, they have a place, so there cannot be an infinite body. But Aristotle says that we cannot say that the infinite does not exist for these reasons: 1.If no infinite, magnitudes will not be divisible into magnitudes, but magnitudes can be divisible into magnitudes (potentially infinitely), therefore an infinite in some sense exists. 2. If no infinite, number would not be infinite, but number is infinite (potentially), therefore infinity does exist in some sense. * He was the founder of  formal logic, pioneere d the study of  zoology, and left every future scientist and philosopher in his debt through his contributions to the scientific method. Erasthosthenes Birthdate: 276 B. C. Died: 194 B. C. Nationality: Greek Contributions: * Sieve of Eratosthenes Worked on  prime numbers.He is remembered for his prime number sieve, the ‘Sieve of Eratosthenes' which, in modified form, is still an important tool in  number theory  research. Sieve of Eratosthenes- It does so by iteratively marking as composite (i. e. not prime) the multiples of each prime, starting with the multiples of 2. The multiples of a given prime are generated starting from that prime, as a sequence of numbers with the same difference, equal to that prime, between consecutive numbers. This is the Sieve's key distinction from using trial division to sequentially test each candidate number for divisibility by each prime. Made a surprisingly accurate measurement of the circumference of the Earth * He was the first per son to use the word â€Å"geography† in Greek and he invented the discipline of geography as we understand it. * He invented a system of  latitude  and  longitude. * He was the first to calculate the  tilt of the Earth's axis  (also with remarkable accuracy). * He may also have accurately calculated the  distance from the earth to the sun  and invented the  leap day. * He also created the first  map of the world  incorporating parallels and meridians within his cartographic depictions based on the available geographical knowledge of the era. Founder of scientific  chronology. Favourite Mathematician Euclid paves the way for what we known today as â€Å"Euclidian Geometry† that is considered as an indispensable for everyone and should be studied not only by students but by everyone because of its vast applications and relevance to everyone’s daily life. It is Euclid who is gifted with knowledge and therefore became the pillar of todayâ€℠¢s success in the field of geometry and mathematics as a whole. There were great mathematicians as there were numerous great mathematical knowledge that God wants us to know.In consideration however, there were several sagacious Greek mathematicians that had imparted their great contributions and therefore they deserve to be appreciated. But since my task is to declare my favourite mathematician, Euclid deserves most of my kudos for laying down the foundation of geometry. II. Mathematicians in the Medieval Ages Leonardo of Pisa Birthdate: 1170 Died: 1250 Nationality: Italian Contributions: * Best known to the modern world for the spreading of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system in Europe, primarily through the publication in 1202 of his Liber Abaci (Book of Calculation). Fibonacci introduces the so-called Modus Indorum (method of the Indians), today known as Arabic numerals. The book advocated numeration with the digits 0–9 and place value. The book showed the practical im portance of the new numeral system, using lattice multiplication and Egyptian fractions, by applying it to commercial bookkeeping, conversion of weights and measures, the calculation of interest, money-changing, and other applications. * He introduced us to the bar we use in fractions, previous to this, the numerator has quotations around it. * The square root notation is also a Fibonacci method. He wrote following books that deals Mathematics teachings: 1. Liber Abbaci (The Book of Calculation), 1202 (1228) 2. Practica Geometriae (The Practice of Geometry), 1220 3. Liber Quadratorum (The Book of Square Numbers), 1225 * Fibonacci sequence of numbers in which each number is the sum of the previous two numbers, starting with 0 and 1. This sequence begins 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987†¦ The higher up in the sequence, the closer two consecutive â€Å"Fibonacci numbers† of the sequence divided by each other will approach the golden ratio (ap proximately 1: 1. 18 or 0. 618: 1). Roger Bacon Birthdate: 1214 Died: 1294 Nationality: English Contributions: * Opus Majus contains treatments of mathematics and optics, alchemy, and the positions and sizes of the celestial bodies. * Advocated the experimental method as the true foundation of scientific knowledge and who also did some work in astronomy, chemistry, optics, and machine design. Nicole Oresme Birthdate: 1323 Died: July 11, 1382 Nationality: French Contributions: * He also developed a language of ratios, to relate speed to force and resistance, and applied it to physical and cosmological questions. He made a careful study of musicology and used his findings to develop the use of irrational exponents. * First to theorise that sound and light are a transfer of energy that does not displace matter. * His most important contributions to mathematics are contained in Tractatus de configuratione qualitatum et motuum. * Developed the first use of powers with fractional exponent s, calculation with irrational proportions. * He proved the divergence of the harmonic series, using the standard method still taught in calculus classes today. Omar Khayyam Birhtdate: 18 May 1048Died: 4 December 1131 Nationality: Arabian Contibutions: * He derived solutions to cubic equations using the intersection of conic sections with circles. * He is the author of one of the most important treatises on algebra written before modern times, the Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra, which includes a geometric method for solving cubic equations by intersecting a hyperbola with a circle. * He contributed to a calendar reform. * Created important works on geometry, specifically on the theory of proportions. Omar Khayyam's geometric solution to cubic equations. Binomial theorem and extraction of roots. * He may have been first to develop Pascal's Triangle, along with the essential Binomial Theorem which is sometimes called Al-Khayyam's Formula: (x+y)n = n! ? xkyn-k / k! (n -k)!. * Wrote a book entitled â€Å"Explanations of the difficulties in the postulates in Euclid's Elements† The treatise of Khayyam can be considered as the first treatment of parallels axiom which is not based on petitio principii but on more intuitive postulate. Khayyam refutes the previous attempts by other Greek and Persian mathematicians to prove the proposition.In a sense he made the first attempt at formulating a non-Euclidean postulate as an alternative to the parallel postulate. Favorite Mathematician As far as medieval times is concerned, people in this era were challenged with chaos, social turmoil, economic issues, and many other disputes. Part of this era is tinted with so called â€Å"Dark Ages† that marked the history with unfavourable events. Therefore, mathematicians during this era-after they undergone the untold toils-were deserving individuals for gratitude and praises for they had supplemented the following generations with mathematical ideas that is very useful and applicable.Leonardo Pisano or Leonardo Fibonacci caught my attention therefore he is my favourite mathematician in the medieval times. His desire to spread out the Hindu-Arabic numerals in other countries thus signifies that he is a person of generosity, with his noble will, he deserves to be†¦ III. Mathematicians in the Renaissance Period Johann Muller Regiomontanus Birthdate: 6 June 1436 Died: 6 July 1476 Nationality: German Contributions: * He completed De Triangulis omnimodus. De Triangulis (On Triangles) was one of the first textbooks presenting the current state of trigonometry. His work on arithmetic and algebra, Algorithmus Demonstratus, was among the first containing symbolic algebra. * De triangulis is in five books, the first of which gives the basic definitions: quantity, ratio, equality, circles, arcs, chords, and the sine function. * The crater Regiomontanus on the Moon is named after him. Scipione del Ferro Birthdate: 6 February 1465 Died: 5 N ovember 1526 Nationality: Italian Contributions: * Was the first to solve the cubic equation. * Contributions to the rationalization of fractions with denominators containing sums of cube roots. Investigated geometry problems with a compass set at a fixed angle. Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia Birthdate: 1499/1500 Died: 13 December 1557 Nationality: Italian Contributions: †¢He published many books, including the first Italian translations of Archimedes and Euclid, and an acclaimed compilation of mathematics. †¢Tartaglia was the first to apply mathematics to the investigation of the paths of cannonballs; his work was later validated by Galileo's studies on falling bodies. †¢He also published a treatise on retrieving sunken ships. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ Cardano-Tartaglia Formula†. †¢He makes solutions to cubic equations. Formula for solving all types of cubic equations, involving first real use of complex numbers (combinations of real and imaginary numbers). †¢Tartagli a’s Triangle (earlier version of Pascal’s Triangle) A triangular pattern of numbers in which each number is equal to the sum of the two numbers immediately above it. †¢He gives an expression for the volume of a tetrahedron: Girolamo Cardano Birthdate: 24 September 1501 Died: 21 September 1576 Nationality: Italian Contributions: * He wrote more than 200 works on medicine, mathematics, physics, philosophy, religion, and music. Was the first mathematician to make systematic use of numbers less than zero. * He published the solutions to the cubic and quartic equations in his 1545 book Ars Magna. * Opus novum de proportionibus he introduced the binomial coefficients and the binomial theorem. * His book about games of chance, Liber de ludo aleae (â€Å"Book on Games of Chance†), written in 1526, but not published until 1663, contains the first systematic treatment of probability. * He studied hypocycloids, published in de proportionibus 1570. The generating circl es of these hypocycloids were later named Cardano circles or cardanic ircles and were used for the construction of the first high-speed printing presses. * His book, Liber de ludo aleae (â€Å"Book on Games of Chance†), contains the first systematic treatment of probability. * Cardano's Ring Puzzle also known as Chinese Rings, still manufactured today and related to the Tower of Hanoi puzzle. * He introduced binomial coefficients and the binomial theorem, and introduced and solved the geometric hypocyloid problem, as well as other geometric theorems (e. g. the theorem underlying the 2:1 spur wheel which converts circular to reciprocal rectilinear motion).Binomial theorem-formula for multiplying two-part expression: a mathematical formula used to calculate the value of a two-part mathematical expression that is squared, cubed, or raised to another power or exponent, e. g. (x+y)n, without explicitly multiplying the parts themselves. Lodovico Ferrari Birthdate: February 2, 1522 Died: October 5, 1565 Nationality: Italian Contributions: * Was mainly responsible for the solution of quartic equations. * Ferrari aided Cardano on his solutions for quadratic equations and cubic equations, and was mainly responsible for the solution of quartic equations that Cardano published.As a result, mathematicians for the next several centuries tried to find a formula for the roots of equations of degree five and higher. Favorite Mathematician Indeed, this period is supplemented with great mathematician as it moved on from the Dark Ages and undergone a rebirth. Enumerated mathematician were all astounding with their performances and contributions. But for me, Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia is my favourite mathematician not only because of his undisputed contributions but on the way he keep himself calm despite of conflicts between him and other mathematicians in this period. IV. Mathematicians in the 16th CenturyFrancois Viete Birthdate: 1540 Died: 23 February 1603 Nationality: F rench Contributions: * He developed the first infinite-product formula for ?. * Vieta is most famous for his systematic use of decimal notation and variable letters, for which he is sometimes called the Father of Modern Algebra. (Used A,E,I,O,U for unknowns and consonants for parameters. ) * Worked on geometry and trigonometry, and in number theory. * Introduced the polar triangle into spherical trigonometry, and stated the multiple-angle formulas for sin (nq) and cos (nq) in terms of the powers of sin(q) and cos(q). * Published Francisci Viet? universalium inspectionum ad canonem mathematicum liber singularis; a book of trigonometry, in abbreviated Canonen mathematicum, where there are many formulas on the sine and cosine. It is unusual in using decimal numbers. * In 1600, numbers potestatum ad exegesim resolutioner, a work that provided the means for extracting roots and solutions of equations of degree at most 6. John Napier Birthdate: 1550 Birthplace: Merchiston Tower, Edinburgh Death: 4 April 1617 Contributions: * Responsible for advancing the notion of the decimal fraction by introducing the use of the decimal point. His suggestion that a simple point could be used to eparate whole number and fractional parts of a number soon became accepted practice throughout Great Britain. * Invention of the Napier’s Bone, a crude hand calculator which could be used for division and root extraction, as well as multiplication. * Written Works: 1. A Plain Discovery of the Whole Revelation of St. John. (1593) 2. A Description of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms. (1614) Johannes Kepler Born: December 27, 1571 Died: November 15, 1630 (aged 58) Nationality: German Title: â€Å"Founder of Modern Optics† Contributions: * He generalized Alhazen's Billiard Problem, developing the notion of curvature. He was first to notice that the set of Platonic regular solids was incomplete if concave solids are admitted, and first to prove that there were only 13 â€Å"Archi medean solids. † * He proved theorems of solid geometry later discovered on the famous palimpsest of Archimedes. * He rediscovered the Fibonacci series, applied it to botany, and noted that the ratio of Fibonacci numbers converges to the Golden Mean. * He was a key early pioneer in calculus, and embraced the concept of continuity (which others avoided due to Zeno's paradoxes); his work was a direct inspiration for Cavalieri and others. He developed mensuration methods and anticipated Fermat's theorem (df(x)/dx = 0 at function extrema). * Kepler's Wine Barrel Problem, he used his rudimentary calculus to deduce which barrel shape would be the best bargain. * Kepler’s Conjecture- is a mathematical conjecture about sphere packing in three-dimensional Euclidean space. It says that no arrangement of equally sized spheres filling space has a greater average density than that of the cubic close packing (face-centered cubic) and hexagonal close packing arrangements.Marin Mersenn e Birthdate: 8 September 1588 Died: 1 September 1648 Nationality: French Contributions: * Mersenne primes. * Introduced several innovating concepts that can be considered as the basis of modern reflecting telescopes: 1. Instead of using an eyepiece, Mersenne introduced the revolutionary idea of a second mirror that would reflect the light coming from the first mirror. This allows one to focus the image behind the primary mirror in which a hole is drilled at the centre to unblock the rays. 2.Mersenne invented the afocal telescope and the beam compressor that is useful in many multiple-mirrors telescope designs. 3. Mersenne recognized also that he could correct the spherical aberration of the telescope by using nonspherical mirrors and that in the particular case of the afocal arrangement he could do this correction by using two parabolic mirrors. * He also performed extensive experiments to determine the acceleration of falling objects by comparing them with the swing of pendulums, r eported in his Cogitata Physico-Mathematica in 1644.He was the first to measure the length of the seconds pendulum, that is a pendulum whose swing takes one second, and the first to observe that a pendulum's swings are not isochronous as Galileo thought, but that large swings take longer than small swings. Gerard Desargues Birthdate: February 21, 1591 Died: September 1661 Nationality: French Contributions: * Founder of the theory of conic sections. Desargues offered a unified approach to the several types of conics through projection and section. * Perspective Theorem – that when two triangles are in perspective the meets of corresponding sides are collinear. * Founder of projective geometry. Desargues’s theorem The theorem states that if two triangles ABC and A? B? C? , situated in three-dimensional space, are related to each other in such a way that they can be seen perspectively from one point (i. e. , the lines AA? , BB? , and CC? all intersect in one point), then the points of intersection of corresponding sides all lie on one line provided that no two corresponding sides are†¦ * Desargues introduced the notions of the opposite ends of a straight line being regarded as coincident, parallel lines meeting at a point of infinity and regarding a straight line as circle whose center is at infinity. Desargues’ most important work Brouillon projet d’une atteinte aux evenemens des rencontres d? une cone avec un plan (Proposed Draft for an essay on the results of taking plane sections of a cone) was printed in 1639. In it Desargues presented innovations in projective geometry applied to the theory of conic sections. Favorite Mathematician Mathematicians in this period has its own distinct, and unique knowledge in the field of mathematics.They tackled the more complex world of mathematics, this complex world of Mathematics had at times stirred their lives, ignited some conflicts between them, unfolded their flaws and weaknesses but at the end, they build harmonious world through the unity of their formulas and much has benefited from it, they indeed reflected the beauty of Mathematics. They were all excellent mathematicians, and no doubt in it. But I admire John Napier for giving birth to Logarithms in the world of Mathematics. V. Mathematicians in the 17th Century Rene Descartes Birthdate: 31 March 1596 Died: 11 February 1650Nationality: French Contributions: * Accredited with the invention of co-ordinate geometry, the standard x,y co-ordinate system as the Cartesian plane. He developed the coordinate system as a â€Å"device to locate points on a plane†. The coordinate system includes two perpendicular lines. These lines are called axes. The vertical axis is designated as y axis while the horizontal axis is designated as the x axis. The intersection point of the two axes is called the origin or point zero. The position of any point on the plane can be located by locating how far perpendicularly from e ach axis the point lays.The position of the point in the coordinate system is specified by its two coordinates x and y. This is written as (x,y). * He is credited as the father of analytical geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, crucial to the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. * Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution and has been described as an example of genius. * He also â€Å"pioneered the standard notation† that uses superscripts to show the powers or exponents; for example, the 4 used in x4 to indicate squaring of squaring. He â€Å"invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c†. * He was first to assign a fundamental place for algebra in our system of knowledge, and believed that algebra was a method to automate or mechanize reasoning, particularly about abstract, unknown quantities. * Rene Descartes created analytic geometry, and discovered an early form of the law of conservation of momentum (the term momentum refers to the momentum of a force). * He developed a rule for determining the number of positive and negative roots in an equation.The Rule of Descartes as it is known states â€Å"An equation can have as many true [positive] roots as it contains changes of sign, from + to – or from – to +; and as many false [negative] roots as the number of times two + signs or two – signs are found in succession. † Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri Birthdate: 1598 Died: November 30, 1647 Nationality: Italian Contributions: * He is known for his work on the problems of optics and motion. * Work on the precursors of infinitesimal calculus. * Introduction of logarithms to Italy. First book was Lo Specchio Ustorio, overo, Trattato delle settioni coniche, or The Burning Mirror, or a Treatise on Conic Sections. In this book he developed the theory of mirrors shaped into parabolas, hyperbolas, and ellipses, and various combinations of these mirrors. * Cavalieri developed a geometrical approach to calculus and published a treatise on the topic, Geometria indivisibilibus continuorum nova quadam ratione promota (Geometry, developed by a new method through the indivisibles of the continua, 1635).In this work, an area is considered as constituted by an indefinite number of parallel segments and a volume as constituted by an indefinite number of parallel planar areas. * Cavalieri's principle, which states that the volumes of two objects are equal if the areas of their corresponding cross-sections are in all cases equal. Two cross-sections correspond if they are intersections of the body with planes equidistant from a chosen base plane. * Published tables of logarithms, emphasizing their practical use in the fields of astronomy and geography.Pierre de Fermat Birthdate: 1601 or 1607/8 Died: 1665 Jan 12 Nationality: French Contributions: * Early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, inc luding his technique of adequality. * He is recognized for his discovery of an original method of finding the greatest and the smallest ordinates of curved lines, which is analogous to that of the differential calculus, then unknown, and his research into number theory. * He made notable contributions to analytic geometry, probability, and optics. * He is best known for Fermat's Last Theorem. Fermat was the first person known to have evaluated the integral of general power functions. Using an ingenious trick, he was able to reduce this evaluation to the sum of geometric series. * He invented a factorization method—Fermat's factorization method—as well as the proof technique of infinite descent, which he used to prove Fermat's Last Theorem for the case n = 4. * Fermat developed the two-square theorem, and the polygonal number theorem, which states that each number is a sum of three triangular numbers, four square numbers, five pentagonal numbers, and so on. With his gif t for number relations and his ability to find proofs for many of his theorems, Fermat essentially created the modern theory of numbers. Blaise Pascal Birthdate: 19 June 1623 Died: 19 August 1662 Nationality: French Contributions: * Pascal's Wager * Famous contribution of Pascal was his â€Å"Traite du triangle arithmetique† (Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangle), commonly known today as Pascal's triangle, which demonstrates many mathematical properties like binomial coefficients. Pascal’s Triangle At the age of 16, he formulated a basic theorem of projective geometry, known today as Pascal's theorem. * Pascal's law (a hydrostatics principle). * He invented the mechanical calculator. He built 20 of these machines (called Pascal’s calculator and later Pascaline) in the following ten years. * Corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. * Pascal's theorem. It states that if a hexagon is inscribed in a circle (or conic) then the three intersection points of opposite sides lie on a line (called the Pascal line).Christiaan Huygens Birthdate: April 14, 1629 Died: July 8, 1695 Nationality: Dutch Contributions: * His work included early telescopic studies elucidating the nature of the rings of Saturn and the discovery of its moon Titan. * The invention of the pendulum clock. Spring driven pendulum clock, designed by Huygens. * Discovery of the centrifugal force, the laws for collision of bodies, for his role in the development of modern calculus and his original observations on sound perception. Wrote the first book on probability theory, De ratiociniis in ludo aleae (â€Å"On Reasoning in Games of Chance†). * He also designed more accurate clocks than were available at the time, suitable for sea navigation. * In 1673 he published his mathematical analysis of pendulums, Horologium Oscillatorium sive de motu pendulorum, his greatest work on horology. I saac Newton Birthdate: 4 Jan 1643 Died: 31 March 1727 Nationality: English Contributions: * He laid the foundations for differential and integral calculus.Calculus-branch of mathematics concerned with the study of such concepts as the rate of change of one variable quantity with respect to another, the slope of a curve at a prescribed point, the computation of the maximum and minimum values of functions, and the calculation of the area bounded by curves. Evolved from algebra, arithmetic, and geometry, it is the basis of that part of mathematics called analysis. * Produced simple analytical methods that unified many separate techniques previously developed to solve apparently unrelated problems such as finding areas, tangents, the lengths of curves and the maxima and minima of functions. Investigated the theory of light, explained gravity and hence the motion of the planets. * He is also famed for inventing `Newtonian Mechanics' and explicating his famous three laws of motion. * The first to use fractional indices and to employ coordinate geometry to derive solutions to Diophantine equations * He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's method, classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three in two variables) Newton's identities, also known as the Newton–Girard formulae, give relations between two types of symmetric polynomials, namely between power sums and elementary symmetric polynomials.Evaluated at the roots of a monic polynomial P in one variable, they allow expressing the sums of the k-th powers of all roots of P (counted with their multiplicity) in terms of the coefficients of P, without actually finding those roots * Newton's method (also known as the Newton–Raphson method), named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a method for finding successively better approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function. Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz Birthdate: July 1, 1646 Died: November 14, 1716 Nationality: GermanCont ributions: * Leibniz invented a mechanical calculating machine which would multiply as well as add, the mechanics of which were still being used as late as 1940. * Developed the infinitesimal calculus. * He became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators. * He was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator in 1685[6] and invented the Leibniz wheel, used in the arithmometer, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator. * He also refined the binary number system, which is at the foundation of virtually all digital computers. Leibniz was the first, in 1692 and 1694, to employ it explicitly, to denote any of several geometric concepts derived from a curve, such as abscissa, ordinate, tangent, chord, and the perpendicular. * Leibniz was the first to see that the coefficients of a system of linear equations could be arranged into an array, now called a matrix, which can be manipulated to find the solution of the system. * He introduced several notations used to this day, for instance the integral sign ? representing an elongated S, from the Latin word summa and the d used for differentials, from the Latin word differentia.This cleverly suggestive notation for the calculus is probably his most enduring mathematical legacy. * He was the ? rst to use the notation f(x). * The notation used today in Calculus df/dx and ? f x dx are Leibniz notation. * He also did work in discrete mathematics and the foundations of logic. Favorite Mathematician Selecting favourite mathematician from these adept persons in mathematics is a hard task, but as I read the contributions of these Mathematicians, I found Sir Isaac Newton to be the greatest mathematician of this period.He invented the useful but difficult subject in mathematics- the calculus. I found him cooperative with different mathematician to derive useful formulas despite the fact that he is bright enough. Open-mindedness towards others opinion is what I discerned in him. VI. Mathematicians in the 18th Century Jacob Bernoulli Birthdate: 6 January 1655 Died: 16 August 1705 Nationality: Swiss Contributions: * Founded a school for mathematics and the sciences. * Best known for the work Ars Conjectandi (The Art of Conjecture), published eight years after his death in 1713 by his nephew Nicholas. Jacob Bernoulli's first important contributions were a pamphlet on the parallels of logic and algebra published in 1685, work on probability in 1685 and geometry in 1687. * Introduction of the theorem known as the law of large numbers. * By 1689 he had published important work on infinite series and published his law of large numbers in probability theory. * Published five treatises on infinite series between 1682 and 1704. * Bernoulli equation, y' = p(x)y + q(x)yn. * Jacob Bernoulli's paper of 1690 is important for the history of calculus, since the term integral appears for the first time with its integration meaning. Discovered a general method to determine evolutes of a curve as the envelope of its circles of curvature. He also investigated caustic curves and in particular he studied these associated curves of the parabola, the logarithmic spiral and epicycloids around 1692. * Theory of permutations and combinations; the so-called Bernoulli numbers, by which he derived the exponential series. * He was the first to think about the convergence of an infinite series and proved that the series   is convergent. * He was also the first to propose continuously compounded interest, which led him to investigate: Johan Bernoulli Birthdate: 27 July 1667Died: 1 January 1748 Nationality: Swiss Contributions: * He was a brilliant mathematician who made important discoveries in the field of calculus. * He is known for his contributions to infinitesimal calculus and educated Leonhard Euler in his youth. * Discovered fundamental principles of mechanics, and the laws of optics. * He discovered the Bernoulli series and made advances in theory of navigation and ship saili ng. * Johann Bernoulli proposed the brachistochrone problem, which asks what shape a wire must be for a bead to slide from one end to the other in the shortest possible time, as a challenge to other mathematicians in June 1696.For this, he is regarded as one of the founders of the calculus of variations. Daniel Bernoulli Birthdate: 8 February 1700 Died: 17 March 1782 Nationality: Swiss Contributions: * He is particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics. * His pioneering work in probability and statistics. Nicolaus Bernoulli Birthdate: February 6, 1695 Died: July 31, 1726 Nationality: Swiss Contributions: †¢Worked mostly on curves, differential equations, and probability. †¢He also contributed to fluid dynamics. Abraham de Moivre Birthdate: 26 May 1667 Died: 27 November 1754 Nationality: French Contributions: Produced the second textbook on probability theory, The Doctrine of Chances: a method of calculating the probabilities of events in play. * Pioneered the development of analytic geometry and the theory of probability. * Gives the first statement of the formula for the normal distribution curve, the first method of finding the probability of the occurrence of an error of a given size when that error is expressed in terms of the variability of the distribution as a unit, and the first identification of the probable error calculation. Additionally, he applied these theories to gambling problems and actuarial tables. In 1733 he proposed the formula for estimating a factorial as n! = cnn+1/2e? n. * Published an article called Annuities upon Lives, in which he revealed the normal distribution of the mortality rate over a person’s age. * De Moivre’s formula: which he was able to prove for all positive integral values of n. * In 1722 he suggested it in the more well-known form of de Moivre's Formula: Colin Maclaurin Birthdate: February, 1698 Died: 14 June 1746 Nationality: Scottish Contributions: * Maclaurin used Taylor series to characterize maxima, minima, and points of inflection for infinitely differentiable functions in his Treatise of Fluxions. Made significant contributions to the gravitation attraction of ellipsoids. * Maclaurin discovered the Euler–Maclaurin formula. He used it to sum powers of arithmetic progressions, derive Stirling's formula, and to derive the Newton-Cotes numerical integration formulas which includes Simpson's rule as a special case. * Maclaurin contributed to the study of elliptic integrals, reducing many intractable integrals to problems of finding arcs for hyperbolas. * Maclaurin proved a rule for solving square linear systems in the cases of 2 and 3 unknowns, and discussed the case of 4 unknowns. Some of his important works are: Geometria Organica – 1720 * De Linearum Geometricarum Proprietatibus – 1720 * Treatise on Fluxions – 1742 (763 pages in two volumes. The first systematic exposition of Newton's methods. ) * Treatise on Al gebra – 1748 (two years after his death. ) * Account of Newton's Discoveries – Incomplete upon his death and published in 1750 or 1748 (sources disagree) * Colin Maclaurin was the name used for the new Mathematics and Actuarial Mathematics and Statistics Building at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. Lenard Euler Birthdate: 15 April 1707 Died: 18 September 1783 Nationality: Swiss Contributions: He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory. * He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. * He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. * Euler introduced and popularized several notational conventions through his numerous and widely circulated textbooks. Most notably, he introduced the concept of a function [2] and was the first to write f(x) to denote the function f a pplied to the argument x. He also introduced the modern notation for the trigonometric functions, the letter e for the base of the natural logarithm (now also known as Euler's number), the Greek letter ? for summations and the letter i to denote the imaginary unit. * The use of the Greek letter ? to denote the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter was also popularized by Euler. * Well known in analysis for his frequent use and development of power series, the expression of functions as sums of infinitely many terms, such as * Euler introduced the use of the exponential function and logarithms in analytic proofs. He discovered ways to express various logarithmic functions using power series, and he successfully defined logarithms for negative and complex numbers, thus greatly expanding the scope of mathematical applications of logarithms. * He also defined the exponential function for complex numbers, and discovered its relation to the trigonometric functions. * Elaborate d the theory of higher transcendental functions by introducing the gamma function and introduced a new method for solving quartic equations. He also found a way to calculate integrals with complex limits, foreshadowing the development of modern complex analysis.He also invented the calculus of variations including its best-known result, the Euler–Lagrange equation. * Pioneered the use of analytic methods to solve number theory problems. * Euler created the theory of hypergeometric series, q-series, hyperbolic trigonometric functions and the analytic theory of continued fractions. For example, he proved the infinitude of primes using the divergence of the harmonic series, and he used analytic methods to gain some understanding of the way prime numbers are distributed. Euler's work in this area led to the development of the prime number theorem. He proved that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges. In doing so, he discovered the connection between the Riemann zeta f unction and the prime numbers; this is known as the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function. * He also invented the totient function ? (n) which is the number of positive integers less than or equal to the integer n that are coprime to n. * Euler also conjectured the law of quadratic reciprocity. The concept is regarded as a fundamental theorem of number theory, and his ideas paved the way for the work of Carl Friedrich Gauss. * Discovered the formula V ?E + F = 2 relating the number of vertices, edges, and faces of a convex polyhedron. * He made great strides in improving the numerical approximation of integrals, inventing what are now known as the Euler approximations. Jean Le Rond De Alembert Birthdate: 16 November 1717 Died: 29 October 1783 Nationality: French Contributions: * D'Alembert's formula for obtaining solutions to the wave equation is named after him. * In 1743 he published his most famous work, Traite de dynamique, in which he developed his own laws of mot ion. * He created his ratio test, a test to see if a series converges. The D'Alembert operator, which first arose in D'Alembert's analysis of vibrating strings, plays an important role in modern theoretical physics. * He made several contributions to mathematics, including a suggestion for a theory of limits. * He was one of the first to appreciate the importance of functions, and defined the derivative of a function as the limit of a quotient of increments. Joseph Louise Lagrange Birthdate: 25 January 1736 Died: 10 April 1813 Nationality: Italian French Contributions: * Published the ‘Mecanique Analytique' which is considered to be his monumental work in the pure maths. His most prominent influence was his contribution to the the metric system and his addition of a decimal base. * Some refer to Lagrange as the founder of the Metric System. * He was responsible for developing the groundwork for an alternate method of writing Newton's Equations of Motion. This is referred to as ‘Lagrangian Mechanics'. * In 1772, he described the Langrangian points, the points in the plane of two objects in orbit around their common center of gravity at which the combined gravitational forces are zero, and where a third particle of negligible mass can remain at rest. He made significant contributions to all fields of analysis, number theory, and classical and celestial mechanics. * Was one of the creators of the calculus of variations, deriving the Euler–Lagrange equations for extrema of functionals. * He also extended the method to take into account possible constraints, arriving at the method of Lagrange multipliers. * Lagrange invented the method of solving differential equations known as variation of parameters, applied differential calculus to the theory of probabilities and attained notable work on the solution of equations. * He proved that every natural number is a sum of four squares. Several of his early papers also deal with questions of number theo ry. 1. Lagrange (1766–1769) was the first to prove that Pell's equation has a nontrivial solution in the integers for any non-square natural number n. [7] 2. He proved the theorem, stated by Bachet without justification, that every positive integer is the sum of four squares, 1770. 3. He proved Wilson's theorem that n is a prime if and only if (n ? 1)! + 1 is always a multiple of n, 1771. 4. His papers of 1773, 1775, and 1777 gave demonstrations of several results enunciated by Fermat, and not previously proved. 5.His Recherches d'Arithmetique of 1775 developed a general theory of binary quadratic forms to handle the general problem of when an integer is representable by the form. Gaspard Monge Birthdate: May 9, 1746 Died: July 28, 1818 Nationality: French Contributions: * Inventor of descriptive geometry, the mathematical basis on which technical drawing is based. * Published the following books in mathematics: 1. The Art of Manufacturing Cannon (1793)[3] 2. Geometrie descri ptive. Lecons donnees aux ecoles normales (Descriptive Geometry): a transcription of Monge's lectures. (1799) Pierre Simon Laplace Birthdate: 23 March 1749Died: 5 March 1827 Nationality: French Contributions: * Formulated Laplace's equation, and pioneered the Laplace transform which appears in many branches of mathematical physics. * Laplacian differential operator, widely used in mathematics, is also named after him. * He restated and developed the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system * Was one of the first scientists to postulate the existence of black holes and the notion of gravitational collapse. * Laplace made the non-trivial extension of the result to three dimensions to yield a more general set of functions, the spherical harmonics or Laplace coefficients. Issued his Theorie analytique des probabilites in which he laid down many fundamental results in statistics. * Laplace’s most important work was his Celestial Mechanics published in 5 volumes between 1798-1827. In it he sought to give a complete mathematical description of the solar system. * In Inductive probability, Laplace set out a mathematical system of inductive reasoning based on probability, which we would today recognise as Bayesian. He begins the text with a series of principles of probability, the first six being: 1.Probability is the ratio of the â€Å"favored events† to the total possible events. 2. The first principle assumes equal probabilities for all events. When this is not true, we must first determine the probabilities of each event. Then, the probability is the sum of the probabilities of all possible favored events. 3. For independent events, the probability of the occurrence of all is the probability of each multiplied together. 4. For events not independent, the probability of event B following event A (or event A causing B) is the probability of A multiplied by the probability that A and B both occur. 5.The probability that A will occur, given th at B has occurred, is the probability of A and B occurring divided by the probability of B. 6. Three corollaries are given for the sixth principle, which amount to Bayesian probability. Where event Ai ? {A1, A2, †¦ An} exhausts the list of possible causes for event B, Pr(B) = Pr(A1, A2, †¦ An). Then: * Amongst the other discoveries of Laplace in pure and applied mathematics are: 1. Discussion, contemporaneously with Alexandre-Theophile Vandermonde, of the general theory of determinants, (1772); 2. Proof that every equation of an even degree must have at least one real quadratic factor; 3.Solution of the linear partial differential equation of the second order; 4. He was the first to consider the difficult problems involved in equations of mixed differences, and to prove that the solution of an equation in finite differences of the first degree and the second order might always be obtained in the form of a continued fraction; and 5. In his theory of probabilities: 6. Evalua tion of several common definite integrals; and 7. General proof of the Lagrange reversion theorem. Adrian Marie Legendere Birthdate: 18 September 1752 Died: 10 January 1833 Nationality: French Contributions: Well-known and important concepts such as the Legendre polynomials. * He developed the least squares method, which has broad application in linear regression, signal processing, statistics, and curve fitting; this was published in 1806. * He made substantial contributions to statistics, number theory, abstract algebra, and mathematical analysis. * In number theory, he conjectured the quadratic reciprocity law, subsequently proved by Gauss; in connection to this, the Legendre symbol is named after him. * He also did pioneering work on the distribution of primes, and on the application of analysis to number theory. Best known as the author of Elements de geometrie, which was published in 1794 and was the leading elementary text on the topic for around 100 years. * He introduced wh at are now known as Legendre functions, solutions to Legendre’s differential equation, used to determine, via power series, the attraction of an ellipsoid at any exterior point. * Published books: 1. Elements de geometrie, textbook 1794 2. Essai sur la Theorie des Nombres 1798 3. Nouvelles Methodes pour la Determination des Orbites des Cometes, 1806 4. Exercices de Calcul Integral, book in three volumes 1811, 1817, and 1819 5.Traite des Fonctions Elliptiques, book in three volumes 1825, 1826, and 1830 Simon Dennis Poison Birthdate: 21 June 1781 Died: 25 April 1840 Nationality: French Contributions: * He published two memoirs, one on Etienne Bezout's method of elimination, the other on the number of integrals of a finite difference equation. * Poisson's well-known correction of Laplace's second order partial differential equation for potential: today named after him Poisson's equation or the potential theory equation, was first published in the Bulletin de la societe philomati que (1813). Poisson's equation for the divergence of the gradient of a scalar field, ? in 3-dimensional space: Charles Babbage Birthdate: 26 December 1791 Death: 18 October 1871 Nationality: English Contributions: * Mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer. * Credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs. * He invented the Difference Engine that could compute simple calculations, like multiplication or addition, but its most important trait was its ability create tables of the results of up to seven-degree polynomial functions. Invented the Analytical Engine, and it was the first machine ever designed with the idea of programming: a computer that could understand commands and could be programmed much like a modern-day computer. * He produced a Table of logarithms of the natural numbers from 1 to 108000 which was a standard reference from 1827 through the end of the century. Favorite Mathematician No ticeably, Leonard Euler made a mark in the field of Mathematics as he contributed several concepts and formulas that encompasses many areas of Mathematics-Geometry, Calculus, Trigonometry and etc.He deserves to be praised for doing such great things in Mathematics, indeed, his work laid foundation to make the lives of the following generation sublime, ergo, He is my favourite mathematician. VII. Mathematicians in the 19th Century Carl Friedrich Gauss Birthdate: 30 April 1777 Died: 23 February 1855 Nationality: German Contributions: * He became the first to prove the quadratic reciprocity law. * Gauss also made important contributions to number theory with his 1801 book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (Latin, Arithmetical Investigations), which, among things, introduced the symbol ? or congruence and used it in a clean presentation of modular arithmetic, contained the first two proofs of the law of quadratic reciprocity, developed the theories of binary and ternary quadratic forms, state d the class number problem for them, and showed that a regular heptadecagon (17-sided polygon) can be constructed with straightedge and compass. * He developed a method of measuring the horizontal intensity of the magnetic field which was in use well into the second half of the 20th century, and worked out the mathematical theory for separating the inner and outer (magnetospheric) sources of Earth's magnetic field.Agustin Cauchy Birthdate: 21 August 1789 Died: 23 May 1857 Nationality: French Contributions: * His most notable research was in the theory of residues, the question of convergence, differential equations, theory of functions, the legitimate use of imaginary numbers, operations with determinants, the theory of equations, the theory of probability, and the applications of mathematics to physics. * His writings introduced new standards of rigor in calculus from which grew the modern field of analysis.In Cours d’analyse de l’Ecole Polytechnique (1821), by develo ping the concepts of limits and continuity, he provided the foundation for calculus essentially as it is today. * He introduced the â€Å"epsilon-delta definition for limits (epsilon for â€Å"error† and delta for â€Å"difference’). * He transformed the theory of complex functions by discovering integral theorems and introducing the calculus of residues. * Cauchy founded the modern theory of elasticity by applying the notion of pressure on a plane, and assuming that this pressure was no longer perpendicular to the plane upon which it acts in an elastic body.In this way, he introduced the concept of stress into the theory of elasticity. * He also examined the possible deformations of an elastic body and introduced the notion of strain. * One of the most prolific mathematicians of all time, he produced 789 mathematics papers, including 500 after the age of fifty. * He had sixteen concepts and theorems named for him, including the Cauchy integral theorem, the Cauchy-Sc hwartz inequality, Cauchy sequence and Cauchy-Riemann equations. He defined continuity in terms of infinitesimals and gave several important theorems in complex analysis and initiated the study of permutation groups in abstract algebra. * He started the project of formulating and proving the theorems of infinitesimal calculus in a rigorous manner. * He was the first to define complex numbers as pairs of real numbers. * Most famous for his single-handed development of complex function theory.The first pivotal theorem proved by Cauchy, now known as Cauchy's integral theorem, was the following: where f(z) is a complex-valued function holomorphic on and within the non-self-intersecting closed curve C (contour) lying in the complex plane. * He was the first to prove Taylor's theorem rigorously. * His greatest contributions to mathematical science are enveloped in the rigorous methods which he introduced; these are mainly embodied in his three great treatises: 1. Cours d'analyse de l'Ecol e royale polytechnique (1821) 2. Le Calcul infinitesimal (1823) 3.Lecons sur les applications de calcul infinitesimal; La geometrie (1826–1828) Nicolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky Birthdate: December 1, 1792 Died: February 24, 1856 Nationality: Russian Contributions: * Lobachevsky's great contribution to the development of modern mathematics begins with the fifth postulate (sometimes referred to as axiom XI) in Euclid's Elements. A modern version of this postulate reads: Through a point lying outside a given line only one line can be drawn parallel to the given line. * Lobachevsky's geometry found application in the theory of complex numbers, the theory of vectors, and the theory of relativity. Lobachevskii's deductions produced a geometry, which he called â€Å"imaginary,† that was internally consistent and harmonious yet different from the traditional one of Euclid. In 1826, he presented the paper â€Å"Brief Exposition of the Principles of Geometry with Vigorous Proofs o f the Theorem of Parallels. † He refined his imaginary geometry in subsequent works, dating from 1835 to 1855, the last being Pangeometry. * He was well respected in the work he developed with the theory of infinite series especially trigonometric series, integral calculus, and probability. In 1834 he found a method for approximating the roots of an algebraic equation. * Lobachevsky also gave the definition of a function as a correspondence between two sets of real numbers. Johann Peter Gustav Le Jeune Dirichlet Birthdate: 13 February 1805 Died: 5 May 1859 Nationality: German Contributions: * German mathematician with deep contributions to number theory (including creating the field of analytic number theory) and to the theory of Fourier series and other topics in mathematical analysis. * He is credited with being one of the first mathematicians to give the modern formal definition of a function. Published important contributions to the biquadratic reciprocity law. * In 1837 h e published Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions, using mathematical analysis concepts to tackle an algebraic problem and thus creating the branch of analytic number theory. * He introduced the Dirichlet characters and L-functions. * In a couple of papers in 1838 and 1839 he proved the first class number formula, for quadratic forms. * Based on his research of the structure of the unit group of quadratic fields, he proved the Dirichlet unit theorem, a fundamental result in algebraic number theory. He first used the pigeonhole principle, a basic counting argument, in the proof of a theorem in diophantine approximation, later named after him Dirichlet's approximation theorem. * In 1826, Dirichlet proved that in any arithmetic progression with first term coprime to the difference there are infinitely many primes. * Developed significant theorems in the areas of elliptic functions and applied analytic techniques to mathematical theory that resulted in the fundamental developme nt of number theory. * His lectures on the equilibrium of systems and potential theory led to what is known as the Dirichlet problem.It involves finding solutions to differential equations for a given set of values of the boundary points of the region on which the equations are defined. The problem is also known as the first boundary-value problem of potential theorem. Evariste Galois Birthdate: 25 October 1811 Death: 31 May 1832 Nationality: French Contributions: * His work laid the foundations for Galois Theory and group theory, two major branches of abstract algebra, and the subfield of Galois connections. * He was the first to use the word â€Å"group† (French: groupe) as a technical term in mathematics to represent a group of permutations. Galois published three papers, one of which laid the foundations for Galois Theory. The second one was about the numerical resolution of equations (root finding in modern terminology). The third was an important one in number theory, i n which the concept of a finite field was first articulated. * Galois' mathematical contributions were published in full in 1843 when Liouville reviewed his manuscript and declared it sound. It was finally published in the October–November 1846 issue of the Journal de Mathematiques Pures et Appliquees. 16] The most famous contribution of this manuscript was a novel proof that there is no quintic formula – that is, that fifth and higher degree equations are not generally solvable by radicals. * He also introduced the concept of a finite field (also known as a Galois field in his honor), in essentially the same form as it is understood today. * One of the founders of the branch of algebra known as group theory. He developed the concept that is today known as a normal subgroup. * Galois' most significant contribution to mathematics by far is his development of Galois Theory.He realized that the algebraic solution to a polynomial equation is related to the structure of a g roup of permutations associated with the roots of the polynomial, the Galois group of the polynomial. He found that an equation could be solved in radicals if one can find a series of subgroups of its Galois group, each one normal in its successor with abelian quotient, or its Galois group is solvable. This proved to be a fertile approach, which later mathematicians adapted to many other fields of mathematics besides the theory of equations to which Galois orig